Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Natural American Spirit Cigarettes

Jain, Vipin; Alcheva, Aleksandra; Huang, Darlene; Caruso, Rosalie V.; Jain, Anshu; Lay, Mula; O’Connor, Richard J.; Stepanov, Irina

doi:10.18001/trs.5.4.8

Cited by 14 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Our results are consistent with previous publications analyzing carbonyl content in smoke produced from conventional and reference tobacco cigarettes using the HCI regime. 19,[25][26][27][28] In all pairwise comparisons of the Brand A cigarette, the smoke contained significantly lower yields of acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, and 2-butanone (Figs. 1 and 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonyl Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Hemp Cigarettes

Ward

Ebbert

2021

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research

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Introduction: CBD is a major phytocannabinoid in hemp (Cannabis sativa containing less than 0.3% THC). Hemp cigarettes are a combustible form of hemp consisting of dried and smokable flowers, which represent 2% of the overall CBD market, and the market is expected to grow. Combustion and pyrolysis of organic material are associated with the production of carbonyl compounds, which are known toxicants and are associated with adverse health outcomes. Concentrations of carbonyl compounds in mainstream hemp cigarette smoke are unknown. Materials and Methods: We analyzed and compared carbonyl concentrations in the mainstream smoke produced by a hemp cigarette (Brand B), a premium hemp cigarette (Brand A), Marlboro Red tobacco cigarette, and a research reference tobacco cigarette using high-performance liquid chromatography. We measured carbonyl concentrations in lg per puff and mg per cigarette. Carbonyls investigated were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, 2-butanone, and butyraldehyde. Significance was determined using Tukey's test. Results: We observed that Brand B had significantly higher butyraldehyde than any cigarette. No significant differences were observed in crotonaldehyde concentration in the cigarettes. For the remaining carbonyls, Brand A had consistently lower concentrations in mainstream smoke than tobacco cigarettes. Hemp cigarettes emit carbonyls in a lower concentration in lg/puff than tobacco cigarettes, but the magnitude of significance generally decreases when normalized to mg/cigarette. Conclusions: Smoke from hemp cigarettes contains carbonyls at biologically significant concentrations. Opportunities may exist to reduce carbonyl production in these products, and identified potential risks must be considered when balancing the harms and benefits of hemp cigarettes when used for therapeutic purposes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonyl Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Hemp Cigarettes

Ward

Ebbert

2021

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research

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“…self-administration model is also needed to clarify the relevance of our findings to tobacco product consumption. Finally, given the considerable differences in constituent profiles between brands of cigarettes and ECs (e.g., Jain et al, 2019 ; Eshraghian and Al-Delaimy, 2021 ), evaluating the effects of extracts of other products is needed to better understand the generality of the current findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nicotine and minor alkaloids samples were analyzed with modifications of a previously described method ( Jain et al, 2019 ). Briefly, samples were prepared by serial dilution of the CS and EC extract with 10 mM ammonium acetate, and addition of [D 3 ]nicotine, [D 4 ]nornicotine, [D 4 ]anabasine and [D 4 ]anatabine as internal standard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cigarette Smoke Extract, but Not Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Extract, Inhibits Monoamine Oxidase in vitro and Produces Greater Acute Aversive/Anhedonic Effects Than Nicotine Alone on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats

et al. 2022

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Conventional tobacco cigarettes appear to have greater abuse liability than non-combusted products such as electronic cigarettes (ECs) and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). This may be due to the higher levels of behaviorally active non-nicotine constituents [e.g., monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors such as β-carbolines] in cigarette smoke (CS) compared to non-combusted products. To evaluate this hypothesis, the current studies compared the relative abuse liability of CS and EC aerosol extracts containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents to that of nicotine alone (NRT analog) using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. Effects of formulations on brain MAO activity in vitro and ex vivo were also studied to evaluate the potential role of MAO inhibition in the ICSS study. CS extract contained higher levels of several behaviorally active non-nicotine constituents (e.g., the β-carbolines norharmane and harmane) than EC extract. Nicotine alone reduced ICSS thresholds at a moderate nicotine dose, suggesting a reinforcement-enhancing effect that may promote abuse liability, and elevated ICSS thresholds at a high nicotine dose, suggesting an aversive/anhedonic effect that may limit abuse liability. CS extract elevated ICSS thresholds to a greater degree than nicotine alone at high nicotine doses. Effects of EC extract on ICSS did not differ from those of nicotine alone. Finally, CS extract significantly inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B activity in vitro, whereas EC extract and nicotine alone did not. None of the formulations inhibited MAO measured ex vivo. These findings indicate greater acute aversive/anhedonic effects for CS extract compared to nicotine alone, suggesting lower abuse liability. Although confirmation of our findings using other dosing regimens, preclinical addiction models, and tobacco product extracts is needed, these findings suggest that the centrally-mediated effects of MAO inhibitors and other non-nicotine constituents may not account for the greater abuse liability of cigarettes compared to non-combusted products. Nonetheless, identifying the specific constituent(s) mediating the effects of CS extracts in this study could help clarify mechanisms mediating tobacco addiction and inform FDA product standards.

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“…Choice of organic food is mostly driven by attributes such as perceived health, safety, quality, and production practices (Massey et al, 2018). "Natural" cigarettes may be viewed as healthier than other cigarettes despite similar toxicant profiles and common harms (Jain et al, 2019). A Lorillard focus group found that consumers equated "natural" cigarettes with products such as natural spring water (McDaniel and Malone, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%