Comprehensive Drying Models based on Volume Averaging: Background, Application and Perspective

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the thermal treatment of wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the range 200–260°C

“…The numerical procedure used to solve the macroscopic scale model has been published extensively over the last decade and the interested reader is referred to some of the more recent publications of the authors for the finer details of the method used [33,34]. Briefly, the finite volume method is implemented to discretise the conservation laws.…”

“…The interested reader can find a more detailed synopsis of these different models in Gronli [31] or Di Blasi [32]. One of the primary objectives of this research is to couple a detailed pyrolysis model that describes the evolution of the major chemical constituents in the wood cell wall during thermal treatment, with the complex heat and mass transport computational model known as TransPore [33,34]. While the coupling of heat and mass transfer with chemical reaction models is not new at high temperatures 400-800°C [35,36], there is only a limited number of models used to investigate this process at low temperatures (<280°C) [37][38][39].…”

Multiscale Modeling of Drying as a Powerful Extension of the Macroscopic Approach: Application to Solid Wood and Biomass Processing

“…[3,17,18] The model is based on water, air, and energy conservation. The whole set of equations can be found in the above-mentioned references.…”

“…Over the last two decades, the application of this macroscopic formulation became a mature field, which proved its capability in many drying configurations. [3] However, this now ''classical'' formulation presents serious limitations. This is why several open problems are still to be addressed: simulation at the scale of the industrial plant, accounting for product variability, and dealing with discrete effects, such as percolation, local thermodynamical nonequilibrium, etc.…”

Numerical analysis of drying kinetics for shrinkable products such as fruits and vegetables

“…Examples of drying theories constructed on the basis of fundamental physical laws are given in the relevant literature on drying as, for example, in Perre et al (2007), Kowalski (2007), Couture et al (2007). A more complex mechanistic theory of drying is formulated in a book entitled ''Thermomechanics of drying processes'' by Kowalski (2003), which is constructed on the basis of the mechanics of continua and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.…”