Comprehensive Highlights of the Universal Efforts towards the Development of COVID-19 Vaccine

Abstract

The world has taken proactive measures to combat the pandemic since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). These measures range from increasing the production of personal protective equipment (PPE) and highlighting the value of social distancing to the emergency use authorization (EUA) of therapeutic drugs or antibodies and their appropriate use; nonetheless, the disease is still spreading quickly and is ruining people’s social lives, the economy, and public health. As a result, effective vaccines are critical for bringing the pandemic to an end and restoring normalcy in society. Several potential COVID-19 vaccines are now being researched, developed, tested, and reviewed. Since the end of June 2022, several vaccines have been provisionally approved, whereas others are about to be approved. In the upcoming years, a large number of new medications that are presently undergoing clinical testing are anticipated to hit the market. To illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of their technique, to emphasize the additives and delivery methods used in their creation, and to project potential future growth, this study explores these vaccines and the related research endeavors, including conventional and prospective approaches.

Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals with liver cirrhosis: a rapid review and meta-analysis

“…In the battle against the pandemic, a glimmer of hope has arisen through the development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines, encompassing messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines (e.g., Moderna [Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA] and Pfizer-BioNTech [Pfizer, New York, NY, USA]), vector-based vaccines (e.g., Oxford-AstraZeneca [AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK] and Johnson & Johnson [Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA]), and protein subunit vaccines (e.g., Novavax [Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA]). However, the specific response of individuals with liver cirrhosis to these vaccines remains largely unexplored, highlighting the need for further investigation and understanding in this vulnerable population [ 9 10 ].…”

Exploring the Potential of Gold Nanoparticle Technology and the Pan-Coronavirus Vaccine

“…2). While most current COVID-19 vaccines use mRNA, nonreplicating viral vectors, inactivated vaccines, and protein subunits (Shaik et al, 2022;Feng et al, 2022), nanotechnology is emerging as a viable resource for developing protective immunity (Vashishta and Kumar, 2021) against emerging viral mutations of COVID-19. Nanotechnology, which utilizes nanoparticles that are just one billionth of a meter (Hagens et al, 2007), allows the vaccine to enter living cells and stimulate antigen-presenting cells to create immunogenicity (Dykman, 2020).…”