Comprehensive insight into triclosan—from widespread occurrence to health outcomes

Milanović, Maja; Đurić, Larisa; Milošević, Nataša; Milić, Nataša

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17273-0

Cited by 63 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(215 reference statements)

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“…On one side, such exposure is connected with the common use of TCS in the production of personal care products, cosmetics, medicaments and numerous other everyday objects [ 1 , 2 ]. On the other side, it may also indicate a relatively high level of environmental pollution with triclosan, which has been confirmed by previous studies, which described the presence of TCS in water, indoor dust, soil and food [ 2 , 3 , 7 ]. Moreover, during the present investigation, highly visible differences were noted between particular volunteers included in the study; this observation is in agreement with previous studies concerning human exposure to TCS using various matrices ( Table 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Triclosan (2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxy diphenyl ether—TCS) ( Figure 1 ) is an organic substance belonging to a group of chlorinated phenols [ 1 ]. Due to its well-known, strong antibacterial and antifungal properties, TCS has commonly been used since the 1970s in the production of a wide range of consumer products, including detergents, soaps, disinfectants used in medicine, toys, toothpaste, deodorants, clothing, towels and much more [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The widespread use of TCS has resulted in the release of this compound into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Presence of Triclosan in Human Hair Samples in Poland—A Pilot Study

Gonkowski

Tzatzarakis

Vakonaki

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Triclosan (TCS) is an organic substance showing antibacterial action, which is commonly used in many branches of industry, including, among others, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and the food industry. TCS may penetrate into living organisms and negatively affect the health of humans and animals. The majority of previous investigations on TCS biomonitoring in humans have been performed on urine, but currently, studies on hair samples are becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate TCS concentration levels in residents of Olsztyn, a city in northeastern Poland, using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The presence of TCS was observed in 96.7% of samples tested, with concentration levels from 37.9 pg/mg to 3386.5 pg/mg. The mean concentration level of TCS in the present study was 402.6 (±803.6) pg/mg, and the median value was 103.3 pg/mg. Although there were some differences in TCS concentration levels between males and females, humans of various ages and humans with colored and natural hair had no statistically significant differences in TCS concentration levels. The obtained results have clearly indicated that people living in northeastern Poland are exposed to TCS to a large degree, and hair analysis, despite some limitations, is a suitable method for TCS biomonitoring in humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Presence of Triclosan in Human Hair Samples in Poland—A Pilot Study

Gonkowski

Tzatzarakis

Vakonaki

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Triclosan, (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol), is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antimicrobial disinfectant, which is widely used as an additive to many consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, skin cleansers, and catheters (Singer et al 2002 ; Dhillon et al 2015 ; Milanovic et al 2021 ). Global TCS production is estimated about 1500 tonnes per year (Alfhili and Lee 2019 ; Dhillon et al 2015 ; Milanovic et al 2021 ). The half-life of TCS is up to 100 days in aquatic environments, and it has been recognized as an emerging and persistent contaminant (Huang et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The half-life of TCS is up to 100 days in aquatic environments, and it has been recognized as an emerging and persistent contaminant (Huang et al 2014 ). High residual TCS levels have been detected in the environment and animal bodies (Dhillon et al 2015 ; Milanovic et al 2021 ). The common concentration of TCS ranged from 1.4 × 10 −3 –40 μg/L in surface water (Dhillon et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The USA has banned its use in some health care products since 2016, and the European Union also banned its use in food contact materials. However, TCS is still widely used in China and many other countries (Alfhili and Lee 2019 ; Dhillon et al 2015 ; Milanovic et al 2021 ). More than 90% of consumed TCS has been discharged into the water environment, and its concentration ranged from 0.01 to 1.023 μg/L in surface waters in China (Liu et al 2020 ; Ma et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan exposure promote the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes mediated by Edwardsiella piscicida

Zhang

Pan

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Aquaculture pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) co-occur in the aquatic environment. Accumulated evidence suggests that aquaculture pathogens can facilitate the horizontal transfer of plasmid-mediated ARGs. However, the role of Edwardsiella piscicida ( E. piscicida ) in ARG dissemination is still not fully understood. In addition, the potential impact of triclosan (TCS) on the spread of ARGs mediated by E. piscicida is still unknown, so a mating model system was established to investigate the transfer process of ARGs. The results showed that E. piscicida disseminated ARGs on RP4 by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Furthermore, TCS exposure promoted this process. The conjugative transfer frequencies were enhanced approximately 1.2–1.4-fold by TCS at concentrations from 2 to 20 μg/L, when compared with the control. TCS promoted the HGT of ARGs by stimulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increasing cell membrane permeability, and altering expressions of conjugative transfer–associated genes. Together, the results suggested that aquaculture pathogens spread ARGs and that the emerging contaminant TCS enhanced the transfer of ARGs between bacteria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-20082-8.

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In silico analysis of endocrine‐disrupting potential of triclosan, bisphenol A, and their analogs and derivatives

Đurić,

Milanović,

Drljača Lero

et al. 2024

J of Applied Toxicology

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Owning to the increasing body of evidence about the ubiquitous exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs), particularly bisphenol A (BPA), and associated health effects, BPA has been gradually substituted with insufficiently tested structural analogs. The unmanaged excessive use of antimicrobial agents such as triclosan (TCS) during the COVID‐19 outbreak has also raised concerns about its possible interferences with hormonal functions. The similarity of BPA and estradiol, as well as TCS and non‐steroidal estrogens, imply that endocrine‐disrupting properties of their analogs could be predicted based on the chemical structure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the endocrine‐disrupting potential of BPA substitutes as well as TCS derivatives and degradation/biotransformation metabolites, in comparison to BPA and TCS based on their molecular properties, computational predictions of pharmacokinetics and binding affinities to nuclear receptors. Based on the obtained results several under‐researched BPA analogs exhibited higher binding affinities for nuclear receptors than BPA. Notable analogs included compounds detected in receipts (DD‐70, BTUM‐70, TGSA, and BisOPP‐A), along with a flame retardant, BDP. The possible health hazards linked to exposure to TCS and its mono‐hydroxylated metabolites were also found. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the health impacts of these compounds and promote better regulation practices.

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Comprehensive insight into triclosan—from widespread occurrence to health outcomes

Cited by 63 publications

References 165 publications

The Presence of Triclosan in Human Hair Samples in Poland—A Pilot Study

The Presence of Triclosan in Human Hair Samples in Poland—A Pilot Study

Environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan exposure promote the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes mediated by Edwardsiella piscicida

In silico analysis of endocrine‐disrupting potential of triclosan, bisphenol A, and their analogs and derivatives

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