Comprehensive investigation of SARS-CoV-2 fate in wastewater and finding the virus transfer and destruction route through conventional activated sludge and sequencing batch reactor

SARS-CoV-2 detection in hospital indoor environments, NW Iran

“…The amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in air samples was 4–15 gene copies/L, based on results from active air sampling. Other studies on air samples in wastewater treatment plant for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols reported 5 to 188 gene copies/L in Isfahan city and 15 to 240 gene copies/L in Maragheh city ( Gholipour et al, 2021a ; Pourakbar et al, 2022 ). The low range concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in the outdoor air of wastewater treatment plant is similar to the current findings in the indoor air of the hospital.…”

“…Of course, N gene is first-line in investigation of SARS-CoV-2 because of special characteristics e.g. screening and tracking ( Pourakbar et al, 2022 ). But, the RdRp gene is having more sensitivity and used for more confidence.…”

“…First using the RNJia Virus Kit (ROJETechnologies, Yazd, Iran), 200 μL of each sample was harvested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction according to company's protocol. The details of the extraction procedure were summarized by Pourakbar et al (2022) ( Pourakbar et al, 2022 ). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 genes were done by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay using COVID-19 ONE-STEP RT-PCR kit (Pishtaz Teb Diagnostics, Tehran, Iran) as described in previous study ( Pourakbar et al, 2022 ).…”

Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review

“…Thus, “primary treatment+ MBR+chlorine” was recommend for a better removal of viruses in practical operation of WWTPs. Diffused aeration is more reliable than surface aeration due to lower gaseous emissions of viral RNAs [271] ; thus, we strongly recommend that diffused aeration be extensively used in the secondary treatment of WWTPs. In addition, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 spreading by airborne bioaerosols is ambiguous; thus, studies of fecal bioaerosols as a possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission route should be conducted to aid the prevention and spread of current and future pandemics.…”

Fate and Transportation of Viruses from Reclaimed Water into a Floatation System

“…Previous studies have investigated the survival and transport of microorganisms in soil, sand, gravel and other granular materials. The microorganisms' sorption and transport on solid surface is determined by factors such as the surface properties of the virus [8,9], charges at the solid surface [10][11][12][13], matrix structure [14,15], solution chemistry and temperature [16,17]. Attachment of viruses onto mineral surfaces play an important role in virus inactivation for disruption of proteins and/or the degradation of nucleic acid [18][19][20][21].…”