Comprehensive Literature Review: Recent Advances in Diagnosing and Managing Patients with Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Hannallah, Jack; Rose, Jessica; Guerrero, Marlon A.

doi:10.1155/2013/317487

Cited by 44 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Survival rates are remarkably lower than in patients with WDTC [85,87,88]. Patients more than 45 years of age and those with cervical lymph node invasion, tumor necrosis, local recurrence, mitotic index greater than 3 per 10 high-power ields, tumor size greater than 4 cm, and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis have poorer prognosis [89][90][91][92][13, 31-34].…”

Section: Poorly Diferentiated Thyroid Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Khosravi¹,

Kouhi²,

Saeedi³

et al. 2017

Diagnosis and Management of Head and Neck Cancer

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Rapidly increasing trend of thyroid cancer incidence has turned this disease into a global concern. An estimated number of 64,300 new cases of thyroid cancer occurred in men and women in 2016, which represents 3.8% of all new cancer cases of USA (htps://seer. cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html). Thus, there is a high possibility for every physician to encounter a case of thyroid cancer during his/her professional lifetime. In this chapter, we clariied epidemiology, diferent categories, and new approaches toward diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer.Keywords: thyroid cancer, epidemiology, diferentiated thyroid cancer, undiferentiated thyroid cancer, thyroid nodule Detailed epidemiology of thyroid cancerAs the most common endocrine cancer and ifth most common cancer in women, thyroid cancer includes approximately 1-1.5% of all new cases of cancer diagnosed annually in the USA based on previous data [1][2][3]. Thyroid cancer is more prevalent among women and those with positive family history of thyroid disease. Some prior studies have reported a worldwide increasing trend for thyroid cancer incidence in recent decades [4]. Annual percent change (APC) is a commonly used indicator for the assessment of changes in incidence. Based on US National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, it has been reported 2.4% from 1980 to 1997 and 6.6% from 1997 to 2009 in both genders for thyroid cancer (data available at htp://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/thyro.html).© 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.According to [2009][2010][2011][2012][2013] data, the rate of new cases of thyroid cancer was 13.9 per 100,000 men and women per year (Figure 1). Table 1 summarizes number of new cases per 100,000 persons by race/ethnicity and sex. A recently published study on adolescent cancer incidence during 1975-2012 has reported a 2.12% increase for females and 1.59% for males between 15 and 19 years of age [5]. However, there is a study indicating that thyroid cancer incidence trend has slowed following release of American Thyroid Association (ATA) guideline in 2009 [6, 7]. It has been reported that overall thyroid cancer incidence had an increasing trend about 8% per year from 2000 to 2009. But APC showed a deceleration about 3% in men and 2.8% in women, which was conined to tumors less than 2.9 cm of size for women [7].Also, thyroid cancer-related mortality was estimated to consist 0.3% of all cancer-related deaths in 2016. A 5-year survival rate of 98.1% has been reported for thyroid cancer. Despite increasing trend of incidence, thyroid cancer mortality has a relatively stable rate about 0.5 cases per 100,000 persons both from 1973 to 2002 and 2009 to 2013 [8, 9].In conclusion, it seems that thyroid cancer has been following an ...

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Section: Poorly Diferentiated Thyroid Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Khosravi¹,

Kouhi²,

Saeedi³

et al. 2017

Diagnosis and Management of Head and Neck Cancer

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“…PDTCs are follicular-cell neoplasms that are morphologically and behaviorally intermediate between the well-differentiated FTC and PTC and the undifferentiated ATC. Interestingly, there are striking regional differences in PDTC incidence rates; Northern Italy has the highest rates (15 %) with much lower rates in the United States (1.8 %) and Japan (\1 %), suggesting a multifactorial causative interaction between genetics, environment, and diet [13]. A recent study has shown that insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA binding protein-3 (IMP3) expression in PDTC appears to be an adverse prognostic factor, in that in univariate analysis, the risk of death was higher for age C45, tumors C4 cm, and IMP3 positivity by immunohistochemistry [14].…”

Section: Dedifferentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma arising in a well differentiated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (bottom left). f Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma ATCs are among the most lethal of all human malignancies and account for less than 3 % of thyroid cancers [13]. ATC is more common in females and in the elderly.…”

Section: Dedifferentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1f) and are widely invasive locally and have high rates of distant metastases. Whether arising de novo or dedifferentiating from welldifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, PDTCs and ATCs acquire b-catenin and p53 mutations [13,15].…”

Section: Dedifferentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of RAS mutations ranges from 18 to 55 % in PDTC and from 4 to 60 % in ATC [12][13][14]. RAS mutations stimulate chromosomal instability and, thus, may predispose to tumor dedifferentiation [13,14].…”

Section: Ras Mutationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

When Thyroid Carcinoma Goes Bad: A Morphological and Molecular Analysis

Papp

Sylvia

2015

Head and Neck Pathol

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Thyroid carcinomas of follicular epithelial derivation are common and generally well-behaved malignancies with excellent cure and survival rates. However, a subset of these carcinomas, whether well-differentiated, poorly differentiated, or anaplastic, is highly aggressive, manifesting with local invasion, recurrence, and distant metastasis. The recognition of dedifferentiation is of paramount importance. In addition, the challenge for Pathologists is to identify the rare aggressive differentiated carcinomas so that treatment may be tailored appropriately. Thus, histological subtyping and documentation of other aggressive features such as widespread invasion and angioinvasion are critical. Mutational analyses in the past decade have delineated the molecular alterations responsible for thyroid carcinogenesis and progression, allowing greater sub-classification and prognostication of thyroid carcinomas. This review article highlights important aggressive morphologic features and molecular mutations associated with thyroid carcinoma.

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Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Thyroid, Cytological Findings

Cochand‐Priollet¹

2017

Encyclopedia of Pathology

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Comprehensive Literature Review: Recent Advances in Diagnosing and Managing Patients with Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Cited by 44 publications

References 28 publications

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

Thyroid Cancers: Considerations, Classifications, and Managements

When Thyroid Carcinoma Goes Bad: A Morphological and Molecular Analysis

Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma of Thyroid, Cytological Findings

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