Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Berdav Propolis Using LC-MS/MS: Determination of Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, Antiglaucoma, and Antidiabetic Effects

Abstract

Propolis is a complex natural compound that honeybees obtain from plants and contributes to hive safety. It is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which contain antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. In this study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of propolis were investigated; ABTS•+, DPPH• and DMPD•+ were prepared using radical scavenging antioxidant methods. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of propolis were 53 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 170.164 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. The ferric ion (Fe3+) reduction, CUPRAC and FRAP reduction capacities were also studied. The antioxidant and reducing capacities of propolis were compared with those of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and Trolox reference standards. The half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values of propolis for ABTS•+, DPPH• and DMPD•+ scavenging activities were found to be 8.15, 20.55 and 86.64 μg/mL, respectively. Propolis extract demonstrated IC50 values of 3.7, 3.4 and 19.6 μg/mL against α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzyme, respectively. These enzymes’ inhibition was associated with diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and glaucoma. The reducing power, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition capacity of propolis extract were comparable to those demonstrated by the standards. Twenty-eight phenolic compounds, including acacetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, chrysin, quinic acid, quercetin, and ferulic acid, were determined by LC-MS/MS to be major organic compounds in propolis. The polyphenolic antioxidant-rich content of the ethanol extract of propolis appears to be a natural product that can be used in the treatment of diabetes, AD, glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancerous diseases.

Investigation of the effects of some pesticides on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes

“…The reaction of CA with CO 2 produces H + and HCO 3 − ions. This reaction occurs in many tissues, such as kidney, gastric mucosa, and lens of the eye 35–37 …”

“…This reaction occurs in many tissues, such as kidney, gastric mucosa, and lens of the eye. [35][36][37] In this study, two CA isozymes were purified in a single step by Sepharose-4B-4-(6-amino-hexyloxy)-benzenesulfonamide affinity column chromatography. hCA I was purified 95.53-fold with a specific activity of 709.09 EU/mg and an overall yield of 70.91%, and hCA II was purified 215.56-fold with a specific activity of 1600 EU/mg and an overall yield of 52.36% (Table 2).…”

Determination of Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer, Antidiabetic, Antiglaucoma and Antimicrobial Effects of Zivzik Pomegranate (Punica granatum)—A Chemical Profiling by LC-MS/MS

“…An aliquot of 1.5 mL from the final solution was transferred into a vial with a cap, and 10 μL of the sample was injected into the LC-MS/MS. Throughout the experiment, the samples in the autosampler were kept at 15 °C [ 42 ].…”

Phytochemical and Bioactivity of Propolis Extracts Produced by Stingless Bee Heterotrigona itama from Two Cultivation Locations

“…Alkaloid compounds have some biological activity such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial [23]. Flavonoids are compounds that are reported to act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents [24]. Tannins compounds have been reported to display antibacterial activity [25].…”