Comprehensive overview of prostatitis

Khan, Farhan Ullah; Ihsan, Awais Ullah; Khan, Hidayat Ullah; Jana, Ruby; Wazir, Junaid; Khongorzul, Puregmaa; Waqar, Muhammad; Zhou, Xiaohui

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.016

Cited by 138 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…CP/CPPS is a poorly understood syndrome characterized by perineal or pelvic pain, symptoms of urinary irritation, and sexual dysfunction without infection, lacking a definite etiology that would allow a more reasonable therapy . To date, literature has described potential triggers of CP/CPPS that include a history of urogenital diseases, level of sex hormones, diet, stress, allergies, and marital and psychological status . However, the definite etiology of prostatitis is still largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of alcohol on chronic pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis

et al. 2019

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Background Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a prevalent disease of the urogenital system. Alcohol has been reported to be closely related to CP/CPPS. Thus, we intended to verify the role of alcohol in CP/CPPS and determine the underlying mechanism. Methods We induced experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) mouse model by intradermally injecting a mixture of prostate antigens (PAgs) and complete Freund's adjuvant on days 0 and 28. Mice were treated with alcohol (control‐alcohol and EAP‐alcohol groups) or vehicle (control‐vehicle, and EAP‐vehicle groups) from day 32 to 42. Forty‐two days after PAg injection, the pathological appearance of the prostate tissues was evaluated, and histological analyses of the prostate were performed. Chronic pelvic pain was assessed by applying von Frey filaments to the lower abdomen. Proinflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests. Then, we explored the effects of the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 on chronic pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation in this model. Results Histological analyses showed diffuse inflammation in the stromal tissues that were characterized by severe infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells in mice in the EAP‐alcohol group compared with EAP‐vehicle group. Chronic pain tests showed that the response frequency was significantly increased using a von Frey filament at forces of 0.4, 1.0, and 4.0 g in EAP‐alcohol group compared with EAP‐vehicle (P < .05). The levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐17, and IL‐1β were all significantly elevated in EAP‐alcohol group compared with the EAP‐vehicle group (P < .05). However, between the control‐alcohol and control‐vehicle groups, chronic pain tests, histological assays, and cytokine determinations showed no differences. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that MCC950 could decrease the expression level of NLRP3 inflammasome–related proteins including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase‐1. The chronic pain tests, histological assays, and cytokine determinations showed that MCC950 could attenuate the chronic pain and prostatic inflammation through the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusions This study indicated that alcohol could aggravate the severity of prostatic inflammation in EAP model though activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, the role of MCC950 in inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and decreasing IL‐1β secretion to alleviate EAP severity may show that it is a promising therapeutic agent for CP/CPPS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 To date, literature has described potential triggers of CP/CPPS that include a history of urogenital diseases, level of sex hormones, diet, stress, allergies, and marital and psychological status. 6,7 However, the definite etiology of prostatitis is still largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of alcohol on chronic pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis

et al. 2019

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“…Prostatitis is the third most common disease of the genitourinary system. Chronic bacterial prostatitis is usually associated with repeated urinary tract infections or recurrent infections of the prostate by the same bacterial strain, while there is no evidence that CPPS is caused by bacteria 7,8 . In the present study, we were unable to identify the pathogenic bacteria that cause CP III either.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Screening for chronic prostatitis pathogens using high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing

Tan

2020

The Prostate

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Background The pathogens responsible for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS; NIH category III) are not currently known. the present study utilized high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing to screen for potential pathogens associated with NIH category III CP (CP III). Methods This study included 33 patients with CP III and 30 healthy men, from which one sample each of urethral secretions and expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) was collected. High‐throughput next‐generation sequencing was performed to detect the sequence variations and the relative abundance of the bacterial 16S ribosomal variable region and fungal internal transcribed spacer region in all samples. Bioinformatics software and databases were used for data analysis, and differences with P < .05 were considered statistically significant. Results Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and Spearman's rank correlation showed that the microbial compositions of the urethral secretions and EPS collected from the same subject were essentially the same. Conclusions No potential pathogens were identified in diagnosed patients with CP III. The EPS may be free from bacteria before and after infection. Changes in the urinary tract microbiome may disrupt the microecological balance of the urinary system, thereby leading to CP III. Conversely, the true pathogens of CP III may not be prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms, Future research may involve the evaluation of noncellular microbes.

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“…Prostatitis is a common term that encompasses the clinical conditions of acute or chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (Krieger et al, 1999). Characteristic symptoms include urinary frequency and urgency, and suprapubic, lower back, or perianal pain during micturition and sex (Khan et al, 2017). Allcause prostatitis develops in nearly 10% of all men, with increased risks of chronicity after the age of fifty (Krieger et al, 2008;Schaeffer, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immune system fails to mount a protective response to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial prostatitis

Lupo

Rousseau

Canton

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Bacterial prostatitis affects 1% of men, with increased incidence in the elderly. It is defined by the frequency and urgency to urinate, localized pain, and positive bacterial cultures in expressed seminal fluids. Acute bacterial prostatitis frequently progresses to chronicity, which is marked by recurrent acute episodes interspersed with asymptomatic periods of variable duration. Up to 80% of bacterial prostatitis cases are caused by Gram-negative uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) or Gram-positive E. faecalis. Antibiotic treatment is standard of care, however, global dissemination of antimicrobial resistant uropathogens threatens efficacy of therapy. Thus, development of non-antibiotic-based approaches to treat bacterial prostatitis is a priority. One challenge is that the immune response to infection in the prostate is incompletely understood. We used a mouse model of transurethral bacterial instillation to study the immune response to UPEC or E. faecalis prostate infection. Both uropathogens exhibited tropism for the prostate over the bladder early post-infection. UPEC infection induced greater proinflammatory cytokine expression and neutrophil and monocyte infiltration compared to E. faecalis infection. Following challenge infection, cytokine responses and myeloid cell infiltration were largely comparable to primary infection.Characteristic of memory responses, more lymphoid cells infiltrating the prostate in the second infection compared to the primary infection. Unexpectedly, however, bacterial burden in prostates challenged with either UPEC or E. faecalis was equal or greater than in primary infection, despite that an adaptive response to UPEC infection was evident in the bladder of the same animals. Thus, an immune response to primary infection is initiated, however it does not protect against reinfection. Our findings support the idea that chronic or recurrent prostatitis develops in the absence of efficacious immunity to infection. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying this observation may point to actionable targets for immunotherapy.

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Comprehensive overview of prostatitis

Cited by 138 publications

References 92 publications

Effect of alcohol on chronic pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis

Effect of alcohol on chronic pelvic pain and prostatic inflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis

Screening for chronic prostatitis pathogens using high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing

The immune system fails to mount a protective response to Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterial prostatitis

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