Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons

Arrangoiz, Rodrigo; Cordera, Fernando; Caba, David; Muñoz, Manuel; Moreno, Eduardo; León, Enrique Luque de

doi:10.4236/ijohns.2018.74019

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…This gland has a slightly different shape in different species of domestic animals [17]. In humans, it is shaped in the letter H or U, has a marked glandular isthmus and may have an additional pyramidal lobe [18]. Parathyroid glands in both humans and animals are divided into two pairs, so-called internal and external.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

et al. 2020

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Ultrasonographic examination of the normal thyroid and parathyroid glands has been described for humans and many animal species. However, similar reports for goats are still missing. The aim of the study was to present ultrasound features of the normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats with the determination of their dimensions and volume, followed by a comparison of the results to the gross examination. Seventy-two goats were used in the study. The echostructure and echogenicity of the thyroid and parathyroid glands were assessed. The length, width and height of the thyroid and the length and width of the parathyroid glands were measured. The thyroid volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula, basing on the ultrasonographic dimensions. Size and volume of the dissected thyroid glands were established grossly, followed by a histological examination. In order to accurately describe the anatomy of the thyroid, new anatomical terminology characterizing this gland was proposed. The mean dimensions of the thyroid lobes were 30.2 x 10.5 x 6.3 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left lobe. Parathyroid glands measured an average of 3.6 x 2.4 mm. The percentage Root Mean Square Error between the results of ultrasonographic and gross examination was 16.73%, 20.65% and 17.01% for thyroid length, width and height, respectively, and 46.30% for volume. In order to obtain more precise calculation of the thyroid volume, a modified correction factor for the ellipsoid formula was introduced. For the first time, the normal ultrasonographic characteristics and dimensions of the caprine thyroid and internal parathyroid glands were presented. The results may serve as a radiological reference and be the basis for further research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

et al. 2020

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“…Also, the structure which is initially hollow later solidifies forming follicular elements of the thyroid gland. Division of the gland into lateral lobes, if not present from the beginning, takes place so early that it is impossible to establish whether the thyroid gland arises as a single unit or as a paired organ [ 24 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duct later disappears and may remain as a strip of fibrous tissue. The two lobes are located on either side of the midline and connected via an isthmus [ 24 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hemiagenesis: Narrative Review and Clinical Implications

Lesi¹,

Thapar²,

Appaiah³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Thyroid Hemiagenesis (THA) is an uncommon, congenital anomaly defined by the absence of one thyroid lobe with or without the isthmus. Reports suggest it may be found more often in regions endemic for hypothyroidism. Genetic abnormalities are thought to have a role based on findings in monozygotic twins. Most cases are sporadic, however familiar clusters have also been documented. It is found more frequently in females. A majority of patients report no symptoms and THA is found incidentally during investigations or intraoperatively. THA is usually associated with normal thyroid function, but it can present with thyroid hypofunction.Since a majority of patients are asymptomatic, there are no specific recommendations for management. Ultrasound imaging and thyroid scintigraphy using technetium or iodine are useful in diagnosis. Its clinical importance occurs when the remnant thyroid lobe requires excision leading to the lifelong requirement for thyroxine supplementation.Published English literature (Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases) was searched. Medical subject headings (MeSH) terms used were "thyroid hemiagenesis," "one thyroid lobe," and "thyroid aplasia". Case reports, case series, and original articles were selected to provide a framework for this review.Articles reviewed were published in the past 20 years. The association of THA with thyroid cancer was explored. In this group, the F:M ratio was 3.25:1. Left THA constituted 53% of cases, right THA in 29.4%, and isthmus absence in 17.6% of cases. Also, the authors investigated the link between THA and hyperparathyroidism, both left and right THA are seen in an equal number of cases in the hyperparathyroidism subgroup. In patients with THA and Grave's disease, left THA was seen in a majority of cases (86.7%), while an equal number of left and right THA was observed in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In addition, congenital abnormalities associated with THA were observed, the left THA was seen in 60% and right THA in 40% of cases of this subgroup.The summative review provided a detailed insight into the epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, genetics, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment for THA by combining findings and results from almost a hundred research papers from around the world. THA remains a poorly understood, often incidentally detected, abnormality in euthyroid patients undergoing investigations and treatment for other thyroid disorders.

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“…There is a small lobe known as "the pyramidal lobe" mostly derived from the left lobe of the thyroid and attached to the hyoid bone. Calcitonin-secreting parafollicular thyroid ("C") cells are derived from a combination of cells migrating from the neural crest and a fifth pharyngeal pouch structure [5,6].…”

Section: Embryology Of the Thyroid Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An appreciation of the embryological development of the thyroid and parathyroid glands facilitates comprehension of some of the various anatomical and pathological processes. The worldwide guides of various associations such as the American Thyroid Association (ATA), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), American College of Endocrinology (ACE), and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AME) are used in the evaluation of the pathological processes [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Anatomy

Binboğa¹,

Gemici²,

Binboğa³

2019

Knowledges on Thyroid Cancer

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In ancient times, the Celsius first identified the masses in the neck and reported that their surgical removal was fatal. The sources related to thyroid surgery show that the success of the neck masses with the surgical intervention was limited until the second half of the nineteenth century. Among the names leading the development of thyroid surgery in contemporary times are In this chapter, we will be investigating thyroid gland embryology, histology, and anatomy that is essential to the practicing thyroid surgeon.

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Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology for Surgeons

Cited by 16 publications

References 75 publications

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

Ultrasonographic and anatomical examination of normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats

Thyroid Hemiagenesis: Narrative Review and Clinical Implications

Thyroid Anatomy

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