Comprehensive Review on Development of Early Diagnostics on Oral Cancer with a Special Focus on Biomarkers

Abstract

One of the most frequent head and neck cancers is oral cancer, with less than half of those diagnosed surviving five years. Despite breakthroughs in the treatment of many other cancers, the prognosis for people with OSCC remains dismal. The conventional methods of detection include a thorough clinical examination, biochemical investigations, and invasive biopsies. Early identification and treatment are important for a better chance of extending a patient’s life. Early diagnosis may be possible by identifying biomarkers in biological fluids. Currently, the primary method for diagnosing oral lesions is a visual oral examination; however, such a technique has certain drawbacks, as individuals are recognized after their cancer has advanced to a severe degree. The first section of this review discusses several diagnostic techniques for cancer detection, while the second section discusses the present state of knowledge about known existing predictive markers for the timely identification of malignant lesions, as well as disease activity tracking. The aim of the paper is to conduct a critical review of existing oral cancer diagnostic processes and to consider the possible application of innovative technology for early detection. This might broaden our diagnostic choices and enhance our capacity to identify and treat oral malignant tumors more effectively.

Review Insights on Salivary Proteomics Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection and Diagnosis

“…Recurrence is prevalent in OSCC patients despite treatment, especially in those who have metastases to the neck lymph nodes, and symptoms commonly appear at a late stage. The overall 5-year survival rates for OC throughout the past several decades have remained low and essentially consistent [ 22 , 23 ]. Since delayed discovery is likely the main cause of the high morbidity rate among OC patients, reliable biomarkers are urgently required to improve early identification of OC.…”

“…At present, a comprehensive oral examination, typically performed by a dentist or other skilled health care practitioner, is the only reliable method for diagnosing OC [ 23 , 24 ]. A tiny tissue biopsy may be taken from the mouth cavity if an examination reveals an abnormal area so that a pathologist can examine it under a microscope for cancer cells.…”

Delving into Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and its Significance in Periodontal Diseases

“…Tailoring therapeutic interventions according to a patient’s MMP-1 profile may enhance treatment efficacy and long-term outcomes in managing periodontal diseases. [ 14 ]…”