Abstract:The field of theranostics has been rapidly growing in recent years and nanotechnology has played a major role in this growth. Nanomaterials can be constructed to respond to a variety of different stimuli which can be internal (enzyme activity, redox potential, pH changes, temperature changes) or external (light, heat, magnetic fields, ultrasound). Theranostic nanomaterials can respond by producing an imaging signal and/or a therapeutic effect, which frequently involves cell death. Since ultrasound (US) is alre… Show more
“…Sonodynamic therapy has been used to treat canine cancers chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hepatocellular cancer, and prostate cancer using NC-6300 micelles filled with epirubicin. The dog showed reduced tumor size within two weeks of the therapy and significantly lower pain [114]. The ultrasound-induced vaporization of Nanoemulsion also increases the delivery of drug cargo into the skin to decrease pain [115].…”
Currently, intelligent, responsive biomaterials have been widely explored, considering the fact that responsive biomaterials provide controlled and predictable results in various biomedical systems. Responsive nanostructures undergo reversible or irreversible changes in the presence of a stimulus, and that stimuli can be temperature, a magnetic field, ultrasound, pH, humidity, pressure, light, electric field, etc. Different types of stimuli being used in drug delivery shall be explained here. Recent research progress in the design, development and applications of biomaterials comprising responsive nanostructures is also described here. More emphasis will be given on the various nanostructures explored for the smart stimuli responsive drug delivery at the target site such as wound healing, cancer therapy, inflammation, and pain management in order to achieve the improved efficacy and sustainability with the lowest side effects. However, it is still a big challenge to develop well-defined responsive nanostructures with ordered output; thus, challenges faced during the design and development of these nanostructures shall also be included in this article. Clinical perspectives and applicability of the responsive nanostructures in the targeted drug delivery shall be discussed here.
“…Sonodynamic therapy has been used to treat canine cancers chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hepatocellular cancer, and prostate cancer using NC-6300 micelles filled with epirubicin. The dog showed reduced tumor size within two weeks of the therapy and significantly lower pain [114]. The ultrasound-induced vaporization of Nanoemulsion also increases the delivery of drug cargo into the skin to decrease pain [115].…”
Currently, intelligent, responsive biomaterials have been widely explored, considering the fact that responsive biomaterials provide controlled and predictable results in various biomedical systems. Responsive nanostructures undergo reversible or irreversible changes in the presence of a stimulus, and that stimuli can be temperature, a magnetic field, ultrasound, pH, humidity, pressure, light, electric field, etc. Different types of stimuli being used in drug delivery shall be explained here. Recent research progress in the design, development and applications of biomaterials comprising responsive nanostructures is also described here. More emphasis will be given on the various nanostructures explored for the smart stimuli responsive drug delivery at the target site such as wound healing, cancer therapy, inflammation, and pain management in order to achieve the improved efficacy and sustainability with the lowest side effects. However, it is still a big challenge to develop well-defined responsive nanostructures with ordered output; thus, challenges faced during the design and development of these nanostructures shall also be included in this article. Clinical perspectives and applicability of the responsive nanostructures in the targeted drug delivery shall be discussed here.
“…Ultrasound has successfully been used as a minimally invasive diagnostic tool for the detection and follow-up of cancer patients [ 26 , 107 , 121 ] and for analyte detection [ 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 ]. Ultrasound has also been used for cancer treatment due to its effective real-time capabilities in imaging and has more recently been used for drug delivery from responsive hydrogel systems [ 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 ]. Like the hydrogel systems used for drug delivery in tissue engineering, these hydrogels were chosen due to their high loading efficiencies, stability, and flexibility [ 17 ].…”
Section: Applications For Cancer Therapymentioning
Stimuli-responsive hydrogel drug delivery systems are designed to release a payload when prompted by an external stimulus. These platforms have become prominent in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to provide spatial and temporal control for drug release. Among the different external triggers that have been used, ultrasound possesses several advantages: it is non-invasive, has deep tissue penetration, and can safely transmit acoustic energy to a localized area. This review summarizes the current state of understanding about ultrasound-responsive hydrogels used for drug delivery. The mechanisms of inducing payload release and activation using ultrasound are examined, along with the latest innovative formulations and hydrogel design strategies. We also report on the most recent applications leveraging ultrasound activation for both cancer treatment and tissue engineering. Finally, the future perspectives offered by ultrasound-sensitive hydrogels are discussed.
“…Additionally, US can induce multiple biological effects such as thermal, mechanical, and chemical effects, which can be used for therapeutic purposes ( Figure 3 ). 111 Figure 3 Ultrasound induces thermal, mechanical and chemical effects. …”
The mortality rate of liver cancer is gradually increasing worldwide due to the increasing risk factors such as fatty liver, diabetes, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The diagnostic methods of liver cancer include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), among others. The treatment of liver cancer includes surgical resection, transplantation, ablation, and chemoembolization; however, treatment still faces multiple challenges due to its insidious development, high rate of recurrence after surgical resection, and high failure rate of transplantation. The emergence of liposomes has provided new insights into the treatment of liver cancer. Due to their excellent carrier properties and maneuverability, liposomes can be used to perform a variety of functions such as aiding in imaging diagnoses, combinatorial therapies, and integrating disease diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we further discuss such advantages.
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