Comprehensive Topological Analysis of Conductive and Inductive Charging Solutions for Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The impending global energy crisis has opened up new opportunities for the automotive industry to meet the everincreasing demand for cleaner and fuel-efficient vehicles. This has necessitated the development of drivetrains that are either fully or partially electrified in the form of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), respectively, which are collectively addressed as plug-in EVs (PEVs). PEVs in general are equipped with larger on-board storage and power electronics for charging or discharging the battery, in comparison with HEVs. The extent to which PEVs are adopted significantly depends on the nature of the charging solution utilized. In this paper, a comprehensive topological survey of the currently available PEV charging solutions is presented. PEV chargers based on the nature of charging (conductive or inductive), stages of conversion (integrated single stage or two stages), power level (level 1, 2, or 3), and type of semiconductor devices utilized (silicon, silicon carbide, or gallium nitride) are thoroughly reviewed in this paper.Index Terms-Electric vehicles (EVs), inductive charging, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), power electronics, wide-bandgap semiconductor devices.

Topology of a Bidirectional Converter for Energy Interaction between Electric Vehicles and the Grid

“…(1) Higher Power Density, Reduced Component Count, Smaller Size, Lighter Weight One of the major drawbacks of the typical two-stage bidirectional converters is the presence of the bulky DC intermediate link capacitor [39]. The proposed novel topology eliminates the bulky and expensive DC link capacitor.…”

“…They suffer from low power density and efficiency, as well as high cost. The relatively short life of DC link electrolytic capacitors reduces system reliability [39,67]. Usually these two stages are controlled separately by two micro control units using different control strategies, leading to high complexity.…”

“…Off-board bidirectional chargers commonly employ two-stage topologies that combine a three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) converter and a bidirectional DC-DC converter. Their components typically are of large power rating and size, and they are often used in rapid charging and discharging applications [37][38][39]. Due to their power rating, size, cost, and noise, off-board bidirectional chargers are more suitable for commercial charging stations, rather than residential areas.…”

A Hybrid DC/DC Converter for EV OBCs Using Full-bridge and Resonant Converters with a Single Transformer

“…Referring to Fig. 2, i M1 is equal to ip during mode 1, and i p is expressed as equation (3). Accordingly, it can be seen that the average input power of the resonant converter P in,R can be calculated by averaging the product of v in and i Lr over half of the switching cycle.…”

“…These battery packs demand high efficiency, low cost and compact chargers. Among the existing solutions, the most common charger architecture consists of an AC/DC converter with power factor correction and an isolated DC/DC converter [3]- [5]. High efficiency is the main requirement for power converter topologies [6].…”