Comprehensive Tracer Studies on the Environmental Behavior of Pesticides: The Lysimeter Concept

Führ, F.; Burauel, Peter; Dust, Martin; Mittelstaedt, W.; Pütz, Thomas; Reinken, G.; Stork, Andreas

doi:10.1021/bk-1998-0699.ch001

Cited by 20 publications

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“…in shallow groundwater below very thin top soil layers on river bank gravel deposits or in water bodies below Jurassic carst rock). Führ et al (1998) and Durner and Weyer (2008) found more leaching of 14 C labelled compounds and bromide from sandy lysimeter soils compared to silty loam lysimeter soils (with minimal stone contents and irrigation). Haferkorn (2000) found average annual leachate volumes of 175, 141, 108, and 54 mm with coarse sand soil, medium to fine sandy soil, loam, and silty loess loam lysimeters from 1981 to 1997 (non irrigated).…”

Section: Water Balance and Transport In Guideline Compliant Sandy Soimentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparison of Lysimeter Results and Leaching Model Calculations for Regulatory Risk Assessment

Hardy¹,

Gottesbüren²,

Huber³

et al. 2008

J. Verbr. Lebensm.

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Experimental results from 34 outdoor lysimeter studies have been compared with leaching model simulations in order to evaluate their role in the tiered regulatory decision making scheme for the protection of groundwater. 63 compounds (28 active substances and 35 metabolites) were evaluated, resulting in a total of 73 model/lysimeter comparisons.In the majority (84 %) of comparisons the model predictions and lysimeter results were in agreement, resulting in the same regulatory decisions being made. In the remaining 16 % of cases, model calculations predicted concentrations in excess of 0.1 mg L -1 whereas the lysimeters gave concentrations below 0.1 mg L -1 (thus resulting in different regulatory decisions). In some cases, these differences could be attributed to conservative model input parameterisation but in other cases it may be that the experimental duration was insufficient for breakthrough to be reached. Groundwater monitoring of metabolites (after 7-20 years of parent substances applications) for which modelling indicated a potential risk showed concentrations below 0.1 mg L -1 in shallow groundwater.In no circumstances did lysimeter studies show concentrations above 0.1 mg L -1 whilst model predictions were below 0.1 mg L -1 . This, along with the groundwater monitoring data, therefore supports the tiered nature of the current regulatory assessment scheme. Recommendations are made for further optimising the design of future outdoor leaching studies. Zusammenfassung: Ergebnisse von 34 Lysimeterstudien, durchgeführt unter Freilandbedingungen, wurden mit Simulationsrechnungen von Versickerungsmodellen verglichen. Damit sollte ihr Stellenwert im abgestuften Entscheidungsschema zum Schutz des Grundwassers im Rahmen des Zulassungsverfahrens für Pflanzenschutzmittel beurteilt werden. 63 Verbindungen (28 Wirkstoffe und 35 Metabolite) wurden ausgewertet, die insgesamt 73 Modell/Lysimeter Vergleiche ermöglichten.Die Mehrzahl der Vergleiche (84 %) zeigte Übereinstimmung zwischen Modellprognosen und Experimenten, was die im Rahmen eines Zulassungsverfahrens zu treffende Entscheidung anbelangt. In den verbleibenden 16 % der Fälle prognostizierten die Simulationsmodelle Überschreitungen des Trinkwassergrenzwerts von 0,1 mg L -1 , wohingegen die Lysimeter Konzentrationen unter 0,1 mg L -1 aufwiesen. Dies würde folglich zu unterschiedlichen Entscheidungen im Zulassungsverfahren führen. In einigen Fällen konnten diese Unterschiede auf die Verwendung konservativer Eingabeparameter für die Simulationsrechnung zurückgeführt werden. In anderen Fällen könnte die Versuchsdauer zu kurz gewesen sein, um einen Durchbruch im Lysimeter messen zu können. Für Metabolite, bei denen die simulierten Ergebnisse auf ein potenzielles Risiko hinwiesen, zeigte das Monitoring des oberflächennahen Grundwassers nach 7 bis 20 Jahren mit Anwendungen der Wirkstoffe, dass die gemessenen Konzentrationen unter 0,1 mg L -1 lagen.In keinem Fall des Vergleichs wiesen Lysimeterstudien Konzentrationen über 0,1 mg L -1 auf, während die Modelle Konzentration...

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Section: Water Balance and Transport In Guideline Compliant Sandy Soimentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparison of Lysimeter Results and Leaching Model Calculations for Regulatory Risk Assessment

Hardy¹,

Gottesbüren²,

Huber³

et al. 2008

J. Verbr. Lebensm.

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“…Growing crops in rotation as well as cultivation are in line with agricultural practice and the experiments can be maintained for many years. The results integrate the processes that are normally measured separately in the laboratory or with standardized experiments (7).…”

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confidence: 98%

“…But it is not an easy task to predict from such data the real situation under practical use of the compounds in agriculture. Therefore in the early seventies, in close cooperation with scientists from the Bayer AG, our institute adapted the lysimeter as a special tool to study the environmental behaviour of pesticides under realistic application conditions using l4 C-labelled compounds (6,7). Compared with laboratory techniques, the lysimeter experiment has the advantage that this design almost exactly reproduces the environmental conditions that occur in the corresponding field ecosystem.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is usually easier to install equipment to monitor environmental parameters at a lysimeter station than it is in the field, particularly when a large number of field sites are involved. In addition this approach includes all the processes affecting water movement in the agroecosystem and the special effects on pesticide uptake by the treated as well as the untreated rotational plants, on volatilization, on pesticide transport in soil and on the residue situation in the soil in general (7,8).…”

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The Lysimeter Concept: A Comprehensive Approach to Study the Environmental Behaviour of Pesticides in Agroecosystems

Führ

Burauel

Mittelstaedt

et al. 2003

ACS Symposium Series

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“…In the past, several methods were used to extract and fill lysimeter vessels including hand digging, employing sets of trihedral scaffold with lifting block and ballast, or using heavy duty excavators, which could shear and cut large blocks of soil (Führ et al 1998;DVWK 1980). More recently, technologies have been developed to extract cylindrical soil monoliths by using ramming equipment or screw presses (Derby et al 2002;Klotz and Seiler 1998;Hantschel 1993).…”

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Design and Operability of a Large Weighable Fen Lysimeter

Rupp

Meißner

Leinweber

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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In principle, conventional lysimeters are suitable for the investigation of vertical water and solute fluxes. Lateral fluxes in water-saturated fen sites are characterized by heterogeneities and abnormities due to anisotropic layering. But due to lack of adequate monitoring techniques, these fluxes have been insufficiently analyzed. The newly developed large weighable fen lysimeter (LWFL) overcomes the limitations of conventional lysimetry and enables the measurement of vertical and horizontal transport processes in undisturbed large volume soil monoliths. The LWFL has a volume of 6 m 3 (4 m length, 1 m width and 1.5 m depth) and was tested by filling the lysimeter with an undisturbed fen monolith. A special extraction procedure for the horizontal sliding of the lysimeter vessel through the natural fen was developed. In front of the vessel a converted cutting tool assisted in carving the soil monolith out of the peat, both vertically and horizontally. Inlet and outlet of the LWFL was constructed to allow the adjustment of a wide range of hydraulic gradients to depict natural occurring lateral transport processes. The LWFL including the measurement techniques was tested successfully for 3 years. On the basis of these tests, we conclude that complex physical and biogeochemical research problems involving lateral flows can be tackled now with multiphase observations and measurements at high spatial and temporal resolution, transdisciplinary data evaluation and numerical modelling approaches.

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Comprehensive Tracer Studies on the Environmental Behavior of Pesticides: The Lysimeter Concept

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of Lysimeter Results and Leaching Model Calculations for Regulatory Risk Assessment

Comparison of Lysimeter Results and Leaching Model Calculations for Regulatory Risk Assessment

The Lysimeter Concept: A Comprehensive Approach to Study the Environmental Behaviour of Pesticides in Agroecosystems

Design and Operability of a Large Weighable Fen Lysimeter

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