Compression stockings significantly improve hemodynamic performance in post-thrombotic syndrome irrespective of class or length

Lattimer, Christopher; Azzam, M.; Kalodiki, Evi; Makris, Gregory C.; Geroulakos, George

doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2013.01.003

Cited by 54 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The performance of a stocking at reducing calf volume and reflux has been investigated recently in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome. 23 That study reported significant reductions in the venous volume and the venous filling index. Once a global index of stocking performance can be measured, then it may provide a way of selecting stockings based on their overall haemodynamic characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Quantifying the Degree Graduated Elastic Compression Stockings Enhance Venous Emptying

Lattimer

Kalodiki

Kafeza

et al. 2014

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Quantifying the Degree Graduated Elastic Compression Stockings Enhance Venous Emptying

Lattimer

Kalodiki

Kafeza

et al. 2014

European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery

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“…14 The reduction in diameter may be explained in general terms through a reduction in flow and a diminished venous reservoir. Stockings have been shown to reduce the venous volume in the calf with air-plethysmography, 24 and excision of varicose tributaries has been shown to have beneficial effects on the GSV. 25 It is a common observation that varicose veins do not fully collapse when the leg is elevated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemodynamic Changes at the Saphenofemoral Junction During the Application of a Below-Knee Graduated Compression Stocking

Lattimer

Azzam

Kalodiki

et al. 2012

Dermatologic Surgery

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“…92 Compression stockings could also decrease the incidence of venous thromboembolism following VVs surgery, and improve hemodynamic performance in post-thrombotic syndrome. 93 Pharmacological treatment of VVs includes venotonic drugs that improve venous tone and capillary permeability, and reduce leukocyte infiltration. Venotonic drugs include naturally occurring plant extracts and glycosides such as α-benzopyrones (coumarins), γ-benzopyrones (flavonoids), plant extracts (blueberry and grape seed, ergots, Ginkgo biloba), and saponosides (Centella asiatica, escin, horse chestnut seed extract, ruscus extract).…”

Section: Management Of Vvsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Remodeling of Lower Extremity Veins and Chronic Venous Disease

Chen

Peng

Raffetto

et al. 2017

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

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The veins of the lower extremity are equipped with efficient wall, contractile venous smooth muscle (VSM) and competent valves in order to withstand the high venous hydrostatic pressure in the lower limb and allow unidirectional movement of deoxygenated blood towards the heart. The vein wall structure and function are in part regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are secreted as inactive proMMPs by different cells in the venous wall including fibroblasts, VSM and leukocytes. ProMMPs are activated by other MMPs, proteinases, and other endogenous and exogenous activators. MMPs degrades various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including collagen and elastin, and could affect other cellular processes including endothelium-mediated dilation, VSM cell migration and proliferation as well as modulation of Ca2+ signaling and contraction in VSM. It is thought that increased lower limb venous hydrostatic pressure increases hypoxia inducible factors and other MMP inducers such as EMMPRIN, leading to increased MMP expression/activity, ECM protein degradation, vein wall relaxation, and venous dilation. Vein wall inflammation and leukocyte infiltration cause additional increases in MMPs, and further vein wall dilation and valve degradation, that could lead to chronic venous disease and varicose veins (VVs). VVs are often presented as vein wall dilation and tortuosity, incompetent venous valves and venous reflux. Different regions of VVs show different MMP levels and ECM proteins with atrophic regions showing high MMP levels/activity and little ECM compared to hypertrophic regions with little or inactive MMPs and abundant ECM. Treatment of VVs includes compression stockings, venotonics, sclerotherapy or surgical removal. However, these approaches do not treat the cause of VVs, and other lines of treatment may be needed. Modulation of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and exogenous synthetic MMP inhibitors may provide new approaches in the management of VVs.

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Compression stockings significantly improve hemodynamic performance in post-thrombotic syndrome irrespective of class or length

Abstract: Compression significantly improved all hemodynamic parameters on air plethysmography. However, the hemodynamic benefit did not significantly change with the class or length of stocking. These results support the liberal selection of a GEC stocking based on patient preference.

Cited by 54 publications

References 32 publications

Quantifying the Degree Graduated Elastic Compression Stockings Enhance Venous Emptying

Quantifying the Degree Graduated Elastic Compression Stockings Enhance Venous Emptying

Hemodynamic Changes at the Saphenofemoral Junction During the Application of a Below-Knee Graduated Compression Stocking

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Remodeling of Lower Extremity Veins and Chronic Venous Disease

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