Compressive Neck Injury and its Relationship to Head Contact and Torso Motion during Vehicle Rollovers

Raddin, James H.; Cormier, Joseph M.; Smyth, Brian; Croteau, Jeffrey; Cooper, Eddie

doi:10.4271/2009-01-0829

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Only 3 % of the injuries reported by Allen et al [7] were due to lateral bending and these relatively uncommon injuries are well-recognized in clinical practice [3,4,9,10]. However, biomechanical experiments [11][12][13] and reconstructions of rollover motor vehicle collisions [14,15], during which occupants effectively dive into the ground, indicate that lateral forces are present in these real-world head-first impacts resulting primarily in asymmetric injuries [16]. We are presently unable to quantify the incidence of injuries resulting from such loading scenarios, as current classification systems do not include such a mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It can also be used to study the kinematics of the occupant. However, questions have been raised in terms of its realistic representation of real-world rollover scenarios due to the constraints imposed by its fixture [11]. In order to demonstrate that the variation is relative small, physical tests [2] and computational simulations [7] were conducted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of vehicle kinematics and occupant responses between Jordan rollover system and an over-the-road rollover

Yan

Cao

Kan

et al. 2012

International Journal of Crashworthiness

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2012) Comparison of vehicle kinematics and occupant responses between Jordan rollover system and an over-the-road rollover, International Journal of Crashworthiness, 17:2, As the most dangerous and complex type of vehicle crash, rollover has gained much attention over the years. To evaluate the effect of end constraints of the Jordan rollover system (JRS), vehicle kinematics and occupant responses in a JRS test were compared with the results in an unconstrained over-the-road rollover (OTRR) event by using computational simulation method. Both dummy and human models were used to investigate the biofidelity of the dummy model during rollover crash. The results show that whatever the roll direction is, the vehicle kinematics under current impact configuration in JRS test has a less than 12% variation than in OTRR. The occupant responses in JRS test are less than 11% different from that in OTRR in passenger-side leading rollover. But in driver-side leading rollover, the variations in occupant responses between JRS and OTRR become larger. It is also concluded that the dummy model has lower head acceleration and higher neck force and chest deflection than the human model during rollover crash.

show abstract

“…The focus on body orientation becomes critical when considering existing cadaver literature for experimental comparison. Much literature exists over the past 40 years pertaining to the cervical spine's responses to compressive loading, the situation most closely associated with catastrophic injury in rollovers (Raddin et al, 2009). However, much of the existing biomechanical literature was intended for other uses, including diving injuries, injuries due to falls, sports, and other modes of automotive crashes (McElhaney et al, 1979;Bauze and Ardran, 1978;Hodgson and Thomas, 1980;Yoganandan et al, 1986;Pintar et al, 1989Pintar et al, , 1990Myers et al, 1991).…”

Section: Test Methods For Investigating Injuries and Injury Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the purposes of positioning anthropomorphic test devices (ATD) or post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) in realistic rollover testing environments, factors such as initial orientation or posture of the occupant are vital and can potentially be gleaned from the analysis of traffic trauma databases. Previous investigations into rollover injury and prevention have attempted to describe vehicle and occupant kinematics during the rollover's critical event (Bahling 1990, Raddin et al 2009, Young et al 2007, Moffatt and James 2005. Despite the importance of pre-crash occupant position and its effects on loading, current rollover testing methodologies, such as the controlled rollover impact system (CRIS) and the Jordan rollover system (JRS) have largely ignored the issue of occupant position (Cooper et al, 2001;Moffatt et al, 2003;Friedman et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introduction the Crashmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The development and analysis of in vitro testing of axial compressive cervical spine impacts

Foster¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rollover crashes are a major public health concern, associated with over one-third of all passenger vehicle fatalities in the US. Of the injuries sustained by occupants in rollover crashes, cervical spine trauma is among the most frequent and life threatening. Occupant initial orientation and loading distribution has been shown to influence injury outcome in biomechanical testing with cadaveric subjects; however, these loading conditions have not been well characterized for rollover-involved occupants. Slight changes in boundary condition or eccentricity in axial compression (the loading mechanism most associated with cervical spine injury in this crash mode) have been shown to have enormous bearing on the injury tolerance and severity of injury. A thorough review of cadaveric injury mechanism literature and of clinically representative rollover cases (queried from a national trauma database) was conducted for the purpose of retrospectively linking injury with failure mechanism and reverse-engineering the loading environments experienced by rollover-involved occupants with cervical spine trauma. Data gathered from these analytical observations, such as the influence of laterally eccentric loading, passive musculature, and torso augmentation, help establish an in vitro test approach relevant to injurious rollover-type loading. Cervical spine compression tests with full post-mortem human surrogates were performed at the Center for Applied Biomechanics with the goals of assessing 1) boundary condition influence on bony fracture in a full cadaver, 2) the effective mass of the human torso as it augments load to the base of the cervical column (the process believed by experts to be the greatest contributing factor to cervical spine injury in v rollovers), and 3) the subsequent buckling kinematics of the cervical spine during the initiation of an applied axial load. Dynamic high-speed x-ray was employed for this study, showing buckling of the spine within the first 12 milliseconds of axial loading, a phenomenon never before observed radiologically in situ. Bony fracture was produced in 3 of the 4 surrogates, all of which coincide with relevant rollover type fracture and compressive injury mechanism. Injury outcome differences, however, raise questions pertaining to the end conditions and effective torso mass employed by previous authors in simplified cervical spine studies, the same studies used for injury reference values in current neck injury criteria. Kinematics data was ascertained to determine the amount of cephalocaudal translation that is required to initiate 2nd-order buckling of the neck, a value found to be lower than previously believed. Findings of this study can be used in the design of component level (head-neck complex) biomechanical tests of the human cervical spine, a significant experimentation cost reduction from full-scale cadaveric testing. This study illustrates the disparity between previous test approaches and this author's methodology which lays the groundwork for future studies in determining ...

show abstract

Compressive Neck Injury and its Relationship to Head Contact and Torso Motion during Vehicle Rollovers

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

Cervical spine injuries and flexibilities following axial impact with lateral eccentricity

Comparison of vehicle kinematics and occupant responses between Jordan rollover system and an over-the-road rollover

Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The development and analysis of in vitro testing of axial compressive cervical spine impacts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About