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Multiple studies have investigated the use of steel, synthetic fibers, and natural fibers to reduce plastic shrinkage cracks in concrete, which are mostly caused by water evaporation from the surface of the material. This review used original published research articles from the Web of Science and Scopus database to evaluate the performance and relationship between the fiber volume, aspect ratio, compressive strength, and plastic shrinkage cracking. This review also discussed the most widely used technique for evaluating plastic shrinkage cracking, the ASTM C 1579, with two bottom restraints and a central stress riser to induce cracking, and its modified version with additional reinforcement for further restraining the ASTM C 1579 mold. Longer fibers function better than shorter fibers because of their larger surface area, which allows them to bridge fissures. It was also observed that crack initiation time is delayed when fibers are added to concrete. In addition, as the volume proportion of the fibers increased, the plastic shrinkage cracks decreased, but the compressive strength declined. Furthermore, the volume fraction of the fibers had a greater effect on reducing cracking than the aspect ratio. It was also concluded that a fiber volume inclusion below 1% is best.
Multiple studies have investigated the use of steel, synthetic fibers, and natural fibers to reduce plastic shrinkage cracks in concrete, which are mostly caused by water evaporation from the surface of the material. This review used original published research articles from the Web of Science and Scopus database to evaluate the performance and relationship between the fiber volume, aspect ratio, compressive strength, and plastic shrinkage cracking. This review also discussed the most widely used technique for evaluating plastic shrinkage cracking, the ASTM C 1579, with two bottom restraints and a central stress riser to induce cracking, and its modified version with additional reinforcement for further restraining the ASTM C 1579 mold. Longer fibers function better than shorter fibers because of their larger surface area, which allows them to bridge fissures. It was also observed that crack initiation time is delayed when fibers are added to concrete. In addition, as the volume proportion of the fibers increased, the plastic shrinkage cracks decreased, but the compressive strength declined. Furthermore, the volume fraction of the fibers had a greater effect on reducing cracking than the aspect ratio. It was also concluded that a fiber volume inclusion below 1% is best.
Fashion industries are growing rapidly for ever changing trends and design, which has long lasting significant on footprints. From the textile production to garment manufacturing various disposal stages of fashion supply chains contribute to pollution and waste. The fashion industry is causing the most pollution, making it the second-largest polluting industry in the world. Industry should make sustainable fabrics and clothes to prevent the Earth from getting polluted. Designers need to create a substitute for fabric, dyes, and method of manufacturing to approach sustainability like substitute denim fabric to reduce the need for dyeing processes. Additionally, industry should produce sustainable leather to eliminate air pollution and loss of animals caused by the leather industry. Some companies are experimenting with making leather using coconuts, which is sustainable. This coconut leather can be recycled and breaks down underwater in just 150 days, unlike real leather, which takes 150 years to decompose, without harming the environment.
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