“…Although compulsory service ended in the U.S. in 1973, the practice continued until very recently in many European nations, and is still widely used around the world. 1 Spurred in part by recent decisions to end conscription in Sweden, Italy, France, and Germany, there is renewed interest in understanding the impacts of mandatory service on a wide range of outcomes, including earnings Angrist, Chen, and Song, 2011;Grenet et al, 2011;Paloyo, 2010), education (Maurin and Xenogiani, 2007;Cipollone and Rosolia, 2007;Keller et al, 2009;Bauer et al, 2009), health (Bedard and Deschenes, 2006;Dobkin and Shabani, 2009;Autor et al, 2011), and crime (Galiani et al, 2011).…”