Computational analysis of a three-layer pipeline coating: Internal stresses generated during the manufacturing process

Legghe, E.; Joliff, Y.; Bélec, L.; Aragon, E.

doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.12.011

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Design parameters such as the thickness of each layer and application temperature are thus of equal importance to the layer compositions [ 1 ]. Finite element modelling of a 3LPO coating showed that increasing the polyethylene (PE) topcoat layer thickness reduces the value of stress at the PE/epoxy interface but increases the stress at the epoxy/steel interface [ 191 ]. Processing of polymer structures at temperatures high above their T g s can result in mutual interdiffusion of two distinct polymers across an interface.…”

Section: Multi-layer Coating Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of the Time-Dependent Performance of Polymeric Pipeline Coatings: Focus on Hydration of Epoxy-Based Coatings

Zargarnezhad

Asselin

Wong³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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The barrier performance of organic coatings is a direct function of mass transport and long-term stability of the polymeric structure. A predictive assessment of the protective coating cannot be conducted a priori of degradation effects on transport. Epoxy-based powder coatings are an attractive class of coatings for pipelines and other structures because application processing times are low and residual stresses between polymer layers are reduced. However, water ingress into the polymeric network of these coatings is of particular interest due to associated competitive sorption and plasticization effects. This review examines common analytical techniques for identifying parameters involved in transport in wet environments and underscores the gaps in the literature for the evaluation of the long-term performance of such coating systems. Studies have shown that the extent of polymer hydration has a major impact on gas and ion permeability/selectivity. Thus, transport analyses based only on micropore filling (i.e., adsorption) by water molecules are inadequate. Combinatorial entropy of the glassy epoxy and water vapor mixture not only affects the mechanism of membrane plasticization, but also changes the sorption kinetics of gas permeation and causes a partial gas immobility in the system. However, diffusivity, defined as the product of a kinetic mobility parameter and a concentration-dependent thermodynamic parameter, can eventually become favorable for gas transport at elevated temperatures, meaning that increasing gas pressure can decrease selectivity of the membrane for gas permeation. On the other hand, reverse osmosis membranes have shown that salt permeation is sensitive to, among other variables, water content in the polymer and a fundamental attribute in ionic diffusion is the effective size of hydrated ions. In addition, external electron sources—e.g., cathodic protection potentials for pipeline structures—can alter the kinetics of this transport as the tendency of ions to dissociate increases due to electrostatic forces. Focusing primarily on epoxy-based powder coatings, this review demonstrates that service parameters such as humidity, temperature, and concentration of aggressive species can dynamically develop different transport mechanisms, each at the expense of others. Although multilayered coating systems decrease moisture ingress and the consequences of environmental exposure, this survey shows that demands for extreme operating conditions can pose new challenges for coating materials and sparse data on transport properties would limit analysis of the remaining life of the system. This knowledge gap impedes the prediction of the likelihood of coating and, consequently, infrastructure failures.

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Section: Multi-layer Coating Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of the Time-Dependent Performance of Polymeric Pipeline Coatings: Focus on Hydration of Epoxy-Based Coatings

Zargarnezhad

Asselin

Wong³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…However, as mentioned, the disbondment of the organic coatings under operating conditions of the buried pipelines could involve a number of chemical, physical, and mixed complex phenomena. According to the literature, it has been reported that different thermal contraction coefficients between steel and thick polymer coatings can generate residual stresses at the metal-polymer interface during the cooling stage of the coating process [7,8]. These residual stresses are generated before pipeline installation, while the observed failure started to develop after a short period of time following the in-service life of the pipeline.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Disbondment Interface And Failure Modementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The 3LPE-coated steel pipes are frequently used as pipelines for oil and natural gas transportation. Over the last several years, there have been many reported failures involving adhesion of the 3LPE coatings to the metallic surface of steel pipelines [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The poor adhesion of the 3LPE coating to steel pipelines has been reported in all areas of the world where these coatings are used [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Analysis of Disbondment of Three-Layer Polyethylene Coatings from the Surface of Buried Steel Pipelines

Rahsepar

Asgharzadeh

Hadianfard

et al. 2015

J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

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A failure analysis was conducted to analyze the mode and causes of the disbondment of the three-layer polyethylene coatings from the surface of buried steel pipelines. The failure interface was analyzed through visual and microscopy investigations. Analysis of the coating at the disbonded interface revealed that the fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) layer had a fragile integrity which may have resulted from the in-service conditions of the pipeline. According to failure analysis of the disbonded interface, it can be concluded that degradation of the molecular structure of FBE layer was the most probable cause of the coating failure. It is believed that degradation of the molecular structure of FBE layer and subsequent disbondment of the coatings was caused by a mechanicalassisted cathodic delamination process which was due to the simultaneous action of chemical degradation and residual stresses at the coating-substrate interface. It is believed that surface pretreatment of the steel substrate in addition to coating process parameters of the powder coating are the main parameters in determining the longterm performance of the coating-substrate interface and should be carefully controlled.

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“…A thickness of 300 mm is assumed for each epoxy layer and the adhesive, and a thickness of 5 mm for the PE topcoat. 31 The LCI of Nord Stream II was used to model the Strait of Gibraltar crossing. Additionally, a protective layer coating and a concrete jacket to weigh down the pipeline were considered in the model.…”

Section: Life Cycle Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-cycle global warming impact of hydrogen transport through pipelines from Africa to Germany

Kanz,

Brüggemann,

Ding

et al. 2023

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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Computational analysis of a three-layer pipeline coating: Internal stresses generated during the manufacturing process

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

A Critical Review of the Time-Dependent Performance of Polymeric Pipeline Coatings: Focus on Hydration of Epoxy-Based Coatings

A Critical Review of the Time-Dependent Performance of Polymeric Pipeline Coatings: Focus on Hydration of Epoxy-Based Coatings

Failure Analysis of Disbondment of Three-Layer Polyethylene Coatings from the Surface of Buried Steel Pipelines

Life-cycle global warming impact of hydrogen transport through pipelines from Africa to Germany

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