Abstract-This paper presents a computational approach to the twodimensional time domain inverse scattering problem of a dielectric cylinder based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) to determine the shape, location and permittivity of a dielectric cylinder. A pulse is incident upon a homogeneous dielectric cylinder with unknown shape and dielectric constant in free space and the scattered field is recorded outside. By using the scattered field, the shape and permittivity of the dielectric cylinder are reconstructed. The subgridding technique is implemented in the FDTD code for modeling the shape of the cylinder more closely. In order to describe an unknown cylinder with arbitrary shape more effectively, the shape function is expanded by closed cubicspline function instead of frequently used trigonometric series. The inverse problem is resolved by an optimization approach, and the global searching scheme PSO is then employed to search the parameter space. Numerical results demonstrate that, even when the initial guess is far away from the exact one, good reconstruction can be obtained. In addition, the effects of Gaussian noise on the reconstruction results are investigated. Numerical results show that even the measured scattered E fields are contaminated with some Gaussian noise, PSO can still yield good reconstructed quality.