Computational Assessment of a Dual-Action Ru(II)-Based Complex: Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy and Intercalating Agent for Inducing DNA Damage

Abstract

A combined quantum-mechanical and classical molecular dynamics study of a recent Ru(II) complex with potential dual anticancer action is reported here. The main basis for the multiple action relies on the merocyanine ligand, whose electronic structure allows the drug to be able to absorb within the therapeutic window and in turn efficiently generate 1 O 2 for photodynamic therapy application and to intercalate within two nucleobases couples establishing reversible electrostatic interactions with DNA. TDDFT outcomes, which include the absorption spectrum, triplet states energy, and spin−orbit matrix elements, evidence that the photosensitizing activity is ensured by an MLCT state at around 660 nm, involving the merocyanine-based ligand, and by an efficient ISC from such state to triplet states with different characters. On the other hand, the MD exploration of all the possible intercalation sites within the dodecamer B-DNA evidences the ability of the complex to establish several electrostatic interactions with the nucleobases, thus potentially inducing DNA damage, though the simulation of the absorption spectra for models extracted by each MD trajectory shows that the photosensitizing properties of the complex remain unaltered. The computational results support that the anti-tumor effect may be related to multiple mechanisms of action.

Ruthenium complexes bearing nile red chromophore and one of its derivative: Theoretical evaluation of PDT‐related properties

“…Moreover, a high probability of ISC between the S m and T n as well as triplet excited states energy higher than the threshold value of 0.98 eV, the energy splitting between the ground and singlet excited state of oxygen, allow the PS to produce 1 O 2 . The presence of a heavy atom like ruthenium should accelerate the kinetic of ISC for the population of triplet states, as it influences the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) 6–10 …”