Computational intelligent techniques for prediction of environmental attenuation of millimeter waves

Modeling and analysis of millimeter-wave propagation in dusty environments

“…For the case of Iraq, the following values can be applicable: 𝐶 = 2.31×10 -5 and 𝛾 = 1.07. On the other hand, the density 𝜌, in gram per m 3 , can be stated, based on empirical data as (2), [7].…”

“…Where 𝑎 and 𝑡 are constants that depend on the sand storm's properties such as speed, intensity, and atmospheric range [2]- [7]. By substituting 𝑀 from (1) in (3) we can write the visibility as (4).…”

“…In this paper, using an interpretation based on Garnett's work [3] the influence of altitude (tower height) on visibility and the attenuation factor in dB/km is expressed as ( 6) and (7). Where the value of 𝜆 is the wavelength (in meter) of the transmitted signal, 𝜌 = 2.57 gm/m 3 , 𝑉 𝑜 is the visibility, which is considered to be a minimum of 5 m, at the mobile height of ℎ MS = 1.5 m. The dielectric constant of dust particles 𝜖 = 𝜖 ′ − 𝑗𝜖 ′′ is a complex number that contains the real value called the dielectric constant, and a real value called the dielectric loss [4].…”