Icing is a lethal and costly aviation hazard affecting aircraft of all sizes ranging from small UAVs to large commercial craft such as the Boeing 787, resulting in hundreds of deaths over the last century and resulting in billions of dollars of economic impact. Three predominant types of icing, namely, airframe icing, engine icing, and rotorcraft icing, dominate aircraft icing research. Each type poses unique challenges. In the case of rotor icing, attention needs to give to the rotating environment with large oscillatory loads and icing conditions. In the case of airframe icing, special attention needs to be paid to a variety of loading cases from the available options for de-icing and anti-icing equipment. In the case of engine icing, the formation mechanism is poorly understood and the structure of the ice needs to be studied in greater detail. Airframe icing requires However, all three share the same fundamental problem that ice sticks to surfaces. How strongly ice adheres to a surface dictates how hard it is to remove. The adhesion strength then regulates the primary threat from icing-the maximum aerodynamic penalty that accretion will have. It also dictates the threat of impingement from shed ice elsewhere on the aircraft, such that a piece of ice from the main rotor could strike the tail rotor on a helicopter, destroying it.