Natural kaolin-based
Ni catalysts have been developed for low-temperature
CO2 methanation. The catalysts were prepared via a one-step
co-impregnation of Ni and Ce onto a natural kaolin-derived metakaolin
using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method as an acid-/base-free
synthesis method. The influences of microwave irradiation and Ce promotion
on the catalytic enhancement including the CO2 conversion,
CH4 selectivity, and CH4 yield were experimentally
investigated by a catalytic test of as-prepared catalysts in a fixed-bed
tubular reactor. The relationship between the catalyst properties
and its methanation activities was revealed by various characterization
techniques including X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller,
scanning electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction,
transmission electron microscopy, elemental mapping, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, and X-ray absorption near-edge
structure analyses. Among the two enhancement methods, microwave and
Ce promotion, the microwave-assisted synthesis could produce a catalyst
containing highly dispersed Ni particles with a smaller Ni crystallite
size and higher catalyst reducibility, resulting in a higher CO2 conversion from 1.6 to 7.5% and a better CH4 selectivity
from 76.3 to 79.9% at 300 °C. Meanwhile, the enhancement by Ce
addition exhibited a great improvement on the catalyst activities.
It was experimentally found that the CO2 conversion increased
approximately 7-fold from 7.5 to 52.9%, while the CH4 selectivity
significantly improved from 79.9 to 98.0% at 300 °C. Though the
microwave-assisted synthesis could further improve the catalyst activities
of Ce-promoted catalysts, the Ce addition exhibited a more prominent
impact than the microwave enhancement. Cerium oxide (CeO2) improved the catalyst activities through mechanisms of higher CO2 adsorption capacity with its basic sites and the unique structure
of CeO2 with a reversible valence change of Ce4+ and Ce3+ and high oxygen vacancies. However, it was found
that the catalyst prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis and Ce
promotion proved to be the optimum catalyst in this study. Therefore,
the present work demonstrated the potential to synthesize a nickel-based
catalyst with improved catalytic activities by adding a small amount
of Ce as a catalytic promoter and employing microwave irradiation
for improving the Ni dispersion.