Computations of Atmospheric Energy and Its Transformation for the Northern Hemisphere for a Recent Five-Year Period

Krueger, Arthur F.; Winston, Jay S.; Haines, Donald A.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1965)093<0227:coaeai>2.3.co;2

Cited by 58 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This kind of response has also been noted in the atmosphere by Krueger et al (1965) who found a double maximum of AZ in December and March to be normal.…”

Section: (Cz + Ce)supporting

confidence: 71%

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Dynamic Coupling of the Stratosphere With the Troposphere and Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Trenberth¹

1973

Mon. Wea. Rev.

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Numerical time integrations of a 9-layer quasigeostrophic highly truncated spectral model of the atmosphere are used to study tropospheric-stratospheric interaction with particular regard to sudden stratospheric warmings. The model is global and extends to 0.05 mb (71 km) with roughly 10 km resolution in the stratosphere, and includes an annual heating cycle. A linear baroclinic analysis of a similar model shows that the inclusion of spherical geometry allows significant growth rates in the long wave region of instability. Preliminary integrations without eddies reveal the seasonal variation of a thermally driven circulation.Model integrations simulating the months of December and January were made (i) without nonzonal forcing, and (ii) with nonzonal heating and orography included, to represent southern and northern hemisphere winters. The overall features of the atmosphere were very well simulated. With the inclusion of the annual heating cycle, the model successfully reproduced a more intense circulation in January than existed in December. This caused a maximum tropospheric meridional temperature gradient in the winter hemisphere to occur some weeks prior to the maximum in the external heating field.The presence of nonzonal heating in the winter hemisphere brought about an increase in circulation intensity and produced a stationary perturbation with a strong westward slope with height extending high into the stratosphere.These are features somewhat similar to those of the Aleutian system. Associated with this were considerably warmer temperatures in the polar night stratosphere and a weaker stratospheric westerly jet.The winter mesosphere of the model was driven in the manner of the lower stratosphere and a temperature maximum was produced in mid latitudes.Sudden stratospheric warmings occurred as a result of large , increases in the intensity of planetary scale waves in the troposphere, which in turn produced surges of upwards propagating energy. The energetics of the warming occurred in two phases. A change from a baroclinically direct to a driven circulation occurred as the stratospheric temperature gradient reversed. This coincided with a change from enhancement to absorption of the vertical flux of energy. The mechanism of the warming was much as described by Matsuno (1971).Nonlinear interactions between the progressive long wave and the nonzonal heating were primarily responsible for the tropospheric events that produced the upward flux of energy, which in turn caused the stratospheric warmings. A seasonal index cycle in the very long waves was also of significance in producing transient upward energy propagation. Interactions with other waves, and orographic forcing were of secondary importance in the long wave energetics of the sudden warmings.

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“…This kind of response has also been noted in the atmosphere by Krueger et al (1965) who found a double maximum of AZ in December and March to be normal.…”

Section: (Cz + Ce)supporting

confidence: 71%

“…Apparently it is a common feature of the observed circulation, Krueger et al (1965). Their computations were for October 1958 to…”

Section: Tropospheric Source Of Warmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Coupling of the Stratosphere With the Troposphere and Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Trenberth¹

1973

Mon. Wea. Rev.

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“…Several groups (e.g., Krueger et al 1965; equator. The air is less dense as a consequence, rising due to buoyancy, cooling in the process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of the Hadley and Ferrel Circulations to the Energetics of the Atmosphere over the Past 32 Years*

Huang

Chen

2014

Journal of Climate

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The Hadley system provides an example of a thermally direct circulation; the Ferrel system in contrast provides an example of a thermally indirect circulation. In this study, the authors develop an approach to investigate the key thermodynamic properties of the Hadley and Ferrel systems, quantifying them using assimilated meteorological data covering the period January 1979–December 2010. This analysis offers a fresh perspective on the conversion of energy in the atmosphere from diabatic heating to the production of atmospheric kinetic energy. The results indicate that the thermodynamic efficiency of the Hadley system, considered as a heat engine, has been relatively constant over the 32-yr period covered by the analysis, averaging 2.6%. Over the same interval, the power generated by the Hadley regime has risen at an average rate of about 0.54 TW yr−1; this reflects an increase in energy input to the system consistent with the observed trend in the tropical sea surface temperatures. The Ferrel system acts as a heat pump with a coefficient of performance of 12.1, consuming kinetic energy at an approximate rate of 275 TW and exceeding the power production rate of the Hadley system by 77 TW.

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“…The atmospheric energetics have been extensively discussed based on observations (Wiin-Nielsen 1959; Krueger et al 1965;Peixoto and Oort 1974;Oort andPeixoto 1974, 1976;Hu et al 2004;Li et al 2007), numerical simulations (Steinheimer et al 2008), and the comparison between observations and numerical simulations (Sheng and Hayashi 1990;Boer and Lambert 2008). However, little attention has been paid to atmospheric energetics associated with ENSO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanical Energies of the Global Atmosphere in El Niño and La Niña Years

Jiang

Chahine

et al. 2011

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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Two meteorological reanalysis datasets are analyzed to determine the mechanical energies of the global atmosphere in the El Niñ o and La Niñ a years. The general consistency of the mean energy components between the two datasets reveals ;1%-3% increase and ;2%-3% decrease in the mean energies in the El Niñ o years and La Niñ a years, respectively. These analyses further reveal that the tropospheric temperature responds to the sea surface temperature anomaly with a time lag of two months, which leads to the varying mean atmospheric energies in the El Niñ o and La Niñ a years.

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Computations of Atmospheric Energy and Its Transformation for the Northern Hemisphere for a Recent Five-Year Period

Cited by 58 publications

References 12 publications

Dynamic Coupling of the Stratosphere With the Troposphere and Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Dynamic Coupling of the Stratosphere With the Troposphere and Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Contributions of the Hadley and Ferrel Circulations to the Energetics of the Atmosphere over the Past 32 Years*

The Mechanical Energies of the Global Atmosphere in El Niño and La Niña Years

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