Computed Tomography Angiography for Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism in an Experimental Model and Heartworm Infested Dogs

Jung, Jongwan; Chang, Jinhwa; Oh, Su‐Bin; Yoon, Junghee; Choi, Mincheol

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01659.x

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In the last decade, computed tomography has been increasingly used for the assessment of vascular anomalies such as portosystemic shunts and arterioportal fistulae [26,27]. However, computed tomography angiography of the intrathoracic vessels has been used in only a few cases [4,5,28]. Gating MDCT thoracic aorta studies to the cardiac cycle by electrocardiography (ECG) has been shown to produce significantly fewer motion artifacts than does a standard nongated acquisition protocol [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidetector-row computed tomography of thoracic aortic anomalies in dogs and cats: Patent ductus arteriosus and vascular rings

2011

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BackgroundDiagnosis of extracardiac intrathoracic vascular anomalies is of clinical importance, but remains challenging. Traditional imaging modalities, such as radiography, echocardiography, and angiography, are inherently limited by the difficulties of a 2-dimensional approach to a 3-dimensional object. We postulated that accurate characterization of malformations of the aorta would benefit from 3-dimensional assessment. Therefore, multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) was chosen as a 3-dimensional, new, and noninvasive imaging technique. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients with 2 common diseases of the intrathoracic aorta, either patent ductus arteriosus or vascular ring anomaly, by contrast-enhanced 64-row computed tomography.ResultsElectrocardiography (ECG)-gated and thoracic nongated MDCT images were reviewed in identified cases of either a patent ductus arteriosus or vascular ring anomaly. Ductal size and morphology were determined in 6 dogs that underwent ECG-gated MDCT. Vascular ring anomalies were characterized in 7 dogs and 3 cats by ECG-gated MDCT or by a nongated thoracic standard protocol.Cardiac ECG-gated MDCT clearly displayed the morphology, length, and caliber of the patent ductus arteriosus in 6 affected dogs. Persistent right aortic arch was identified in 10 animals, 8 of which showed a coexisting aberrant left subclavian artery. A mild dilation of the proximal portion of the aberrant subclavian artery near its origin of the aorta was present in 4 dogs, and a diverticulum analogous to the human Kommerell's diverticulum was present in 2 cats.ConclusionsContrast-enhanced MDCT imaging of thoracic anomalies gives valuable information about the exact aortic arch configuration. Furthermore, MDCT was able to characterize the vascular branching patterns in dogs and cats with a persistent right aortic arch and the morphology and size of the patent ductus arteriosus in affected dogs. This additional information can be of help with regard to improved diagnoses of thoracic anomalies and the planning of surgical interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidetector-row computed tomography of thoracic aortic anomalies in dogs and cats: Patent ductus arteriosus and vascular rings

2011

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“…It is the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary emboli in people . Although, several groups have introduced CTA in veterinary medicine, there is no agreement regarding the contrast medium injection technique . The main goal of intravenous contrast medium injection is to achieve adequate vascular enhancement in the anatomic region of interest .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different injection techniques have been described for CTA. A commonly used protocol involves administering the contrast medium at a fixed injection rate for all patients . In other schemes, the injection duration is estimated by adding a time constant to the scan duration or to one‐half the scan duration …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Although, several groups have introduced CTA in veterinary medicine, there is no agreement regarding the contrast medium injection technique. [2][3][4][5][6][7] The main goal of intravenous contrast medium injection is to achieve adequate vascular enhancement in the anatomic region of interest. 8,9 Intravenous contrast medium administration at a constant rate leads to a progressive increase in arterial opacification over time, with the maximum opacification achieved at the end of the injection period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Contrast Medium Injection Duration on Peak Enhancement and Time to Peak Enhancement of Canine Pulmonary Arteries

Makara

Dennler

Kühn

et al. 2011

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Our goal was to investigate the effect of contrast medium injection duration on pulmonary artery peak enhancement and time to peak enhancement. Fourteen dogs were allocated into one of seven predefined weight categories, each category contained two dogs. Dogs in each weight category were assigned to group A or B. Animals in each group received a different contrast medium injection protocol. In group A, a fixed injection rate of 5 ml/s was used. In group B, the contrast injection rate was calculated as follows: flow rate= contrast volume/scan duration + 10s. Time to peak enhancement and peak enhancement of the main left and right pulmonary arteries were measured on single-level, dynamic CT images for a fixed time of 30s. Rank correlation (Spearman's) coefficients between injection duration and time to peak enhancement and between body weight and peak enhancement were calculated. For group A, there was a significant negative correlation between peak enhancement and weight (r = -0.94; P = 0.005), while for group B, there was no significant correlation (r = -0.64 and P = 0.18). There was a significant correlation between time to peak enhancement and injection duration in both groups (group A: r = 0.99; P = 0.006 and group B: r = 0.85; P = 0.02). In conclusion, injection duration is a key feature in a CT angiography injection protocol. A protocol with an injection duration adjusted to the scan duration seems to be particularly suitable for veterinary applications where a population with great weight variability is studied.

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“…Consistent and valid descriptions are desirable for effective documentation and communication of results. Terms such as ground‐glass opacity, consolidation, atelectasis, collapse, and nodules are used to describe the imaging appearance of diseases involving the pulmonary acini, but they have not been associated with specific histologic findings in a large variety of canine pulmonary diseases . In people, a glossary of terms for thoracic imaging has been published .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Among Subgross Anatomy, Computed Tomography, and Histologic Findings in Dogs With Disease Localized to the Pulmonary Acini

Scrivani

Thompson

Dykes

et al. 2011

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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During computed tomography (CT), the appearance of disease involving the pulmonary acinus may be described using terms such as atelectasis, ground-glass opacity, or consolidation. These CT signs, however, have not been correlated with histologic findings in canine pulmonary disease. To facilitate interpretation of lung diseases by CT signs, our goals were to review the morphologic organization of the lung and evaluate the medical records of four dogs with different types of pulmonary acinar disease. Anatomic review focused on understanding the pulmonary acinus and the secondary pulmonary lobule; the secondary pulmonary lobule is a fundamental unit for interpretation in people. All dogs had similar CT findings of fully expanded lungs with increased attenuation and partial-to-complete obscuring of the pulmonary blood vessels. Histologic findings varied between dogs and included partial-to-complete filling of airspaces with cells or fluid, interstitial thickening, increased capillary blood volume, or a combination of these findings. Final diagnoses were hemorrhagic pneumonia, bronchiolar carcinoma, metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma, and pulmonary edema. In summary, the morphologic organization of the lungs is complex and has implications for diagnostic interpretation needing further evaluation in dogs. In this study, increased lung attenuation during CT due to disease localized to the pulmonary acini was due to the displacement of air from the lungs and not to the microscopic distribution of lesions within the pulmonary acinus. Imaging descriptors that classify diseases according to structures larger than the pulmonary acini, for example, regions of the secondary pulmonary lobule or larger, may be appropriate for dogs.

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Computed Tomography Angiography for Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism in an Experimental Model and Heartworm Infested Dogs

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Multidetector-row computed tomography of thoracic aortic anomalies in dogs and cats: Patent ductus arteriosus and vascular rings

Multidetector-row computed tomography of thoracic aortic anomalies in dogs and cats: Patent ductus arteriosus and vascular rings

Effect of Contrast Medium Injection Duration on Peak Enhancement and Time to Peak Enhancement of Canine Pulmonary Arteries

Relationships Among Subgross Anatomy, Computed Tomography, and Histologic Findings in Dogs With Disease Localized to the Pulmonary Acini

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