Computed Tomography Attenuation of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Materials—Depository to Aid in Constructing 3D-Printed Phantoms

Kalidindi, Yuktesh; Ganapathy, Aravinda; Nayak, Yash; Elumalai, Anusha; Chen, David; Bishop, Grace; Sanchez, Adrian; Albers, Brian; Shetty, Anup; Ballard, David

doi:10.3390/mi14101928

Micromachines

2023

DOI: 10.3390/mi14101928

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Computed Tomography Attenuation of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Materials—Depository to Aid in Constructing 3D-Printed Phantoms

Yuktesh Kalidindi,

Aravinda Ganapathy,

Yash Nayak

et al.

Abstract: Three-dimensionally printed phantoms are increasingly used in medical imaging and research due to their cost-effectiveness and customizability, offering valuable alternatives to commercial phantoms. The purpose of this study was to assess the computed tomography (CT) attenuation characteristics of 27 resin materials from Formlabs, a 3D printing equipment and materials manufacturer. Cube phantoms (both solid and hollow constructions) produced with each resin were subjected to CT scanning under varying tube curr… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

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3D Printing Materials Mimicking Human Tissues after Uptake of Iodinated Contrast Agents for Anthropomorphic Radiology Phantoms

Homolka,

Breyer,

Semturs

2024

Biomimetics

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(1) Background: 3D printable materials with accurately defined iodine content enable the development and production of radiological phantoms that simulate human tissues, including lesions after contrast administration in medical imaging with X-rays. These phantoms provide accurate, stable and reproducible models with defined iodine concentrations, and 3D printing allows maximum flexibility and minimal development and production time, allowing the simulation of anatomically correct anthropomorphic replication of lesions and the production of calibration and QA standards in a typical medical research facility. (2) Methods: Standard printing resins were doped with an iodine contrast agent and printed using a consumer 3D printer, both (resins and printer) available from major online marketplaces, to produce printed specimens with iodine contents ranging from 0 to 3.0% by weight, equivalent to 0 to 3.85% elemental iodine per volume, covering the typical levels found in patients. The printed samples were scanned in a micro-CT scanner to measure the properties of the materials in the range of the iodine concentrations used. (3) Results: Both mass density and attenuation show a linear dependence on iodine concentration (R2 = 1.00), allowing highly accurate, stable, and predictable results. (4) Conclusions: Standard 3D printing resins can be doped with liquids, avoiding the problem of sedimentation, resulting in perfectly homogeneous prints with accurate dopant content. Iodine contrast agents are perfectly suited to dope resins with appropriate iodine concentrations to radiologically mimic tissues after iodine uptake. In combination with computer-aided design, this can be used to produce printed objects with precisely defined iodine concentrations in the range of up to a few percent of elemental iodine, with high precision and anthropomorphic shapes. Applications include radiographic phantoms for detectability studies and calibration standards in projective X-ray imaging modalities, such as contrast-enhanced dual energy mammography (abbreviated CEDEM, CEDM, TICEM, or CESM depending on the equipment manufacturer), and 3-dimensional modalities like CT, including spectral and dual energy CT (DECT), and breast tomosynthesis.

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3D Printing Materials Mimicking Human Tissues after Uptake of Iodinated Contrast Agents for Anthropomorphic Radiology Phantoms

Homolka,

Breyer,

Semturs

2024

Biomimetics

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Customization of Computed Tomography Radio-Opacity in 3D-Printed Contrast-Injectable Tumor Phantoms

Kalidindi,

Ganapathy,

Cunningham

et al. 2024

Micromachines

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Medical Imaging Phantoms (MIPs) calibrate imaging devices, train medical professionals, and can help procedural planning. Traditional MIPs are costly and limited in customization. Additive manufacturing allows for customizable, patient-specific phantoms. This study examines the CT attenuation characteristics of contrast-injectable, chambered 3D-printed phantoms to optimize tissue-mimicking capabilities. A MIP was constructed from a CT of a complex pelvic tumor near the iliac bifurcation. A 3D reconstruction of these structures composed of three chambers (aorta, inferior vena cava, tumor) with ports for contrast injection was 3D printed. Desired attenuations were 200 HU (arterial I), 150 HU (venous I), 40 HU (tumor I), 150 HU (arterial II), 90 HU (venous II), and 400 HU (tumor II). Solutions of Optiray 350 and water were injected, and the phantom was scanned on CT. Attenuations were measured using ROIs. Mean attenuation for the six phases was as follows: 37.49 HU for tumor I, 200.50 HU for venous I, 227.92 HU for arterial I, 326.20 HU for tumor II, 91.32 HU for venous II, and 132.08 HU for arterial II. Although the percent differences between observed and goal attenuation were high, the observed relative HU differences between phases were similar to goal HU differences. The observed attenuations reflected the relative concentrations of contrast solutions used, exhibiting a strong positive correlation with contrast concentration. The contrast-injectable tumor phantom exhibited a useful physiologic range of attenuation values, enabling the modification of tissue-mimicking 3D-printed phantoms even after the manufacturing process.

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Computed Tomography Attenuation of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Materials—Depository to Aid in Constructing 3D-Printed Phantoms

Cited by 2 publications

References 32 publications

3D Printing Materials Mimicking Human Tissues after Uptake of Iodinated Contrast Agents for Anthropomorphic Radiology Phantoms

3D Printing Materials Mimicking Human Tissues after Uptake of Iodinated Contrast Agents for Anthropomorphic Radiology Phantoms

Customization of Computed Tomography Radio-Opacity in 3D-Printed Contrast-Injectable Tumor Phantoms

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