Computed tomography features of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in an infant

Abstract

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare congenital anomaly of the pulmonary veins drainage. In this entity, the pulmonary veins, instead of draining to left atrium, connect abnormally to the systemic venous circulation. A right-to-left shunt is obligatory for survival. Based on its type and degree of pulmonary venous obstruction, TAPVC may result in pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure. In severe cases, urgent diagnosis and surgical correction is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography as the first and safest imaging modality for cardiovascular abnormalities may fail in complete depiction of some complex feature of TAPVC. Computed tomography angiography is then a noninvasive and sensitive choice for mapping the pulmonary veins without the need for invasive cardiac catheterization. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography can be a radiation-free alternative. Authors present a computed tomography–detected supracardiac TAPVC with small patent ductus arteriosus in a 2 months cyanotic infant.

Comparison of echocardiography and 64‐slice spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in children

“…The left ventricular systolic function was measured . The short aorta artery measures the size and location of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) . The degree of pulmonary artery stenosis was and the right ventricular outflow tract was tested.…”

“…22 The short aorta artery measures the size and location of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). 23,24 The degree of pulmonary artery stenosis was and the right ventricular outflow tract was tested. The descending aortic diameter was determined at the rear of the left atrial junction and the diameter of the aorta through the diaphragm was assessed.…”

Alagille syndrome associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and severe xanthomas: A case report

“…The PVs confluence behind the left atrium, then drain into the LIV through the VV, then into the SVC or sometimes into the azygos vein, and finally into the RA[ 17 ]. Type II: Intracardiac (approximately 30%), all PVs drain directly into the RA or through the common trunk of the PVs to the coronary sinus[ 21 , 22 ]. Type III: Infracardiac (approximately 12%), after confluence behind the LA, the PVs pass the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus through the VV, then flow into the portal vein or its branches[ 21 , 22 ].…”

“…Type II: Intracardiac (approximately 30%), all PVs drain directly into the RA or through the common trunk of the PVs to the coronary sinus[ 21 , 22 ]. Type III: Infracardiac (approximately 12%), after confluence behind the LA, the PVs pass the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus through the VV, then flow into the portal vein or its branches[ 21 , 22 ]. Type IV: Mixed (approximately 3%), the PVs enter the RA through multiple channels[ 21 , 22 ].…”

“…Type III: Infracardiac (approximately 12%), after confluence behind the LA, the PVs pass the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus through the VV, then flow into the portal vein or its branches[ 21 , 22 ]. Type IV: Mixed (approximately 3%), the PVs enter the RA through multiple channels[ 21 , 22 ].…”