Computed tomography of vena caval anomalies with embryologic correlation.

Abstract

Vena caval and left renal vein anomalies are not uncommon and are easily identified by CT, usually in an incidental fashion. A simple classification of these anomalies is presented (Table I). These anomalies become significant only when they are mistaken for pathologic masses or when one is planning surgical or radiologic vascular procedures. Detailed knowledge of these anomalies, in conjunction with the use of dynamic bolus CT, will permit easy diagnosis in nearly all cases.

Double inferior vena cava with three shunts: a rare anomaly with important implications for surgeons

“…The posterior cardinal veins degenerate almost completely and remain only as the common iliac vein and the caudal most sacral portion of the IVC. The right supracardinal vein anastomoses with the right subcardinal vein to form an infrarenal segment of the IVC whereas the lower portion of the left supracardinal vein obliterated as showed in Figure 3 [8]. Therefore, the double IVC observed in the present case might have resulted from the persistence of the caudal part of both left and right supracardinal veins.…”

“…The IVC is formed by regression, anastomosis and replacement of the foetal venous blood system during 4 th -8 th week of gestation [8,19,21]. Initially, there were composed of the three sets of paired veins; the posterior cardinal veins, the subcardinal veins, and the supra cardinal veins, which are formed at the retroperitoneal region.…”

“…During the 5 th and 8 th week, while the posterior cardinal veins gradually relapse, the bilateral subcardinal veins develop and become dominant at 7 th week. By the 8 th week, the posterior cardinal veins become gradually degenerated, and then superseded by the supracardinal veins [8]. Numerous anastomotic vessels connect the each side of subcardinal veins and posterior cardinal veins including the supracardinal veins.…”

Coexistence of the Aortic Aneurysm with the Main Vein Anomalies: Its Potential Clinical Implications and Vascular Complication

“…Embryological explanation of such developmental variation as duplication of the inferior vena cava is complex. During fetal development three segments constitute the inferior vena cava: the upper hepatic segment, the renal (subcardinal) segment, and the supracardinal (sacrocardinal) segment [21][22][23]. In 1925, McClure and Butler proposed the theory of inferior vena duplication [23].…”

Deep Venous Thrombosis in a Patient with Inferior Vena Cava Agenesi

“…Congenital inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies are rarely seen and their prevalence is estimated to be 0.07%-8.7% (1). Most patients with these anomalies are asymptomatic.…”