Computer aided analysis of gait patterns in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury

Comparison of different marker sets for marker trajectory and principal component analysis based classification of simulated gait impairments

“…Subsequently, the data of each participant and condition were arranged in a row vector to construct a spatio-temporal representation of the gait pattern in a vector space. [4,8,[10][11][12] The waveforms of each marker and spatial direction were concatenated to form the gait pattern vectors with m × 303 dimensions (m markers × 3 spatial directions × 101 points in time). For further analysis, the gait pattern vectors (row vectors) were vertically concatenated to construct an input matrix.…”

“…For classification methods, the linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm has been used in several approaches. [7][8][9][10][11] Other state of the art classifiers such as Ada Boost, [15] Naïve Bayes [14] or Random Forest [16] are capable of solving non-linear classification problems and are commonly considered in machine learning applications.…”

“…[3] Several studies in the gait analysis domain have applied variations of this approach and various marker sets have been used across these studies. [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The marker sets can be differentiated based on two major aspects. Firstly, whether the marker set covers the full body or body parts; full body marker sets were used most frequently.…”

“…[1,[3][4][5][6]11] Body part marker sets include unilateral placement on the lower extremity, [7,10,12] unilateral placement on the upper and lower extremity [9] and bilateral placement on the lower body and thorax. [8] Secondly, marker sets can be differentiated based on whether the markers are placed exclusively on specific anatomical landmarks. Marker placement exclusively on anatomical landmarks was used for most associated studies and these marker sets were based on Vicon's Plug-In-Gait R model [3,8,11] or on customized models.…”

“…[8] Secondly, marker sets can be differentiated based on whether the markers are placed exclusively on specific anatomical landmarks. Marker placement exclusively on anatomical landmarks was used for most associated studies and these marker sets were based on Vicon's Plug-In-Gait R model [3,8,11] or on customized models. [6,7,9,10,12] Federolf, Boyer [4] included marker clusters in addition to the markers on anatomical landmarks.…”