Computer Analysis of the African-American Face

Metric and morphological assessment of facial features: A study on three European populations

“…ancestry, sex, age), though its role in personal identification has been severely questioned [11]. In the last two decades, metric characteristics of human faces have been investigated using different technologies [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], and the fields of application of population anthropometry vary from plastic (both cosmetic and reconstructive) and orthodontic surgery with the need for an ethnic-specific facial model [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], to research on attractiveness and the concept of beauty [34][35][36][37] associated with facial symmetry [38][39][40][41], to the assessment of variations induced by congenital and acquired pathologies [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. However, relatively few studies have considered facial assessment for forensic purposes, although a certain potential has been suggested particularly in the field of age estimation of the living [50][51][52][53]…”

7 Aesthetic Facial Proportions

“…There is increasing interest in defining the standards of beauty for those of African and Asian descent. 12,13,14,15 The addition to the literature of publications about Latin American, Korean, and African rhinoplasty, in particular, highlight the importance of ethnicity. 1,2 Many of the facial proportions are constant throughout a wide range of ethnicities; however, significant differences do exist.…”

Ultrasonography, lateral cephalometry and 3D imaging of the human masseter muscle

“…After its introduction by Thalmann‐Degen in 1944 (6), 3D imaging has rapidly progressed in recent years. Primarily developed for application in industry (7, 8), imaging techniques have expanded to include stereophotogrammetry (9), 3D laser scanning, vision‐based scans (Moiré tomography) in addition to the latest, safest and most cost‐effective structured light 3D imaging (10).…”