“…Machine learning is also instrumental in constructing pan-genomes (Golicz et al, 2016;Song et al, 2020;Bayer et al, 2021;Danilevicz et al, 2020;Torkamaneh et al, 2021;Jha et al, 2022;Ebler et al, 2022), enabling the identification of core, dispensable, and specific genes that expedite functional validation and reveal regulatory roles in genomics (Khan et al, 2020;Tay Fernandez et al, 2022;Zanini et al, 2022;Shi et al, 2023). Furthermore, ML algorithms have found applications in crop yield and complex traits prediction, crop growth monitoring, precision agriculture, and automated irrigation (Yoosefzadeh- Najafabadi et al, 2021;Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi et al, 2022b;Jeyaraj et al, 2022;Li et al, 2022c;Croci et al, 2023). Machine learning is also used to identify genomic regions associated with specific traits (Yoosefzadeh- Najafabadi et al, 2022a) and select superior genotypes through genomic selection (Tong and Nikoloski, 2021;Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi et al, 2022a;Jubair and Domaratzki, 2023).…”