Computer simulation of rock-glacier development under viscous and pseudoplastic flow

Surface characteristics and degradational history of debris aprons in the Tempe Terra/Mareotis fossae region of Mars

“…Aprons with convex-up profiles have a slightly curved parabolic shape that is most prominent along mid-to-lower apron slopes. The convex-up shape is also common in profiles of eastern Hellas and Deuteronilus Mensae aprons Mangold and Allemand, 2001) and has often been com- pared to models of terrestrial ice sheets (i.e., glaciers), which have similar convex-up profiles (Nye, 1952;Olyphant, 1984;Paterson, 1994). These models assume steady-state flow and incorporate some experimentally-derived properties of pure ice or ice with impurities (Durham et al, 1992).…”

Beyond confusion: Rock glaciers as cryo-conditioned landforms

“…Wagner, 1992;Kääb et al, 2007), constitutive relationships (e.g. Whalley and Azizi, 1994), rock glacier landform development and controls (Olyphant, 1983) and their distributional pattern and areal development through time (Frauenfelder et al, 2008). Interestingly, they all use a Glen's flow law type of representation of the creep component.…”

Using dynamic modelling to simulate the distribution of rockglaciers

“…Although rockglacier matrices differ, therefore, significantly from glacier ice, first model attempts and sensitivity studies (e.g. Olyphant, 1983;Olyphant, 1987;Whalley and Martin, 1992;Arenson, 2002;Leysinger Vieli, 2004) suggest that the deformation of rockglacier bodies can be approximated quite well using Glen's flow law, though with rate factors very different to pure glacier ice.…”