“…Certain methods primarily target a different goal than generating simulation results without residuals. The goal can be the estimation of most accurate muscle forces or torques ( Chao and Rim, 1973 ; Koh and Jennings, 2003 ; Seth and Pandy, 2007 ; Morrow et al, 2014 ; Lv et al, 2016 ; Bélaise et al, 2018a ; Bélaise et al, 2018b ; Stanev and Moustakas, 2018 ; Moissenet et al, 2019 ; Bailly et al, 2021 ; Ceglia et al, 2023 ), the determination of joint torques or muscle excitations needed to generate desired movement ( Kaplan and Heegaard, 2001 ; Thelen et al, 2003 ; Thelen and Anderson, 2006 ; Da Silva et al, 2008 ; Ghafari et al, 2009 ; Demircan et al, 2010 ; Watanabe and Sugi, 2010 ; Lin et al, 2018 ; Mouzo et al, 2018 ; Dorschky et al, 2019 ; Haralabidis et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2022 ) or the development of controllers to determine muscle activity that track desired movement ( Yamaguchi and Zajac, 1990 ; Blana et al, 2009 ; Arash Haghpanah et al, 2022 ). Handling the sim2real gap is then a secondary achievement.…”