“…Several studies have shown that some instruments maintain their psychometric properties when adapted to the internet, when compared to the traditional paper-and-pencil format (Bates & Cox, 2008;Bressani & Downs, 2002;Fish et al, 2010;Herrero & Meneses, 2006;Hewson & Charlton, 2005;McCabe et al, 2005;Meyerson & Tryon, 2003;Thorndike et al, 2009). However, several other reports have shown that the reliability, validity and factor structure of instruments adapted to the internet were not equivalent to the observed in paper-and-pencil applications (Buchanan et al, 2005;Finegan & Allen, 1994;Hedman et al, 2010;Im et al, 2005;Luce et al, 2007;Naus et al, 2009;Suris et al, 2007;Whitener & Klein, 1995). It needs to be pointed out that, although invariance of factor structures of internet vs. paper-and-pencil applications are a common concern amongst researchers, only a very few studies have explored the formats' equivalence using appropriate cross-sampling withinsubject designs (Bressani & Downs, 2002;Carlbring et al, 2007;Naus et al, 2009), and/or multi-group structural equation modeling analysis to demonstrate invariance of factorial structures (Buchanan et al, 1999;Fish et al, 2010;Herrero & Meneses, 2006;Hewson & Charlton, 2005).…”