Computerized three‐dimensional segmented human anatomy

Zubal, I. George; Harrell, Charles R.; Smith, Eileen O.; Rattner, Zachary; Gindi, Gene; Hoffer, Paul B.

doi:10.1118/1.597290

Cited by 977 publications

(545 citation statements)

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“…In order to compare the algorithms on a practical case, the difficult problem of the interaction of a human with the field emitted by a radiobase station antenna has been then solved by using the parallel FDTD method proposed in [18][19][20][21] and refined in [22,23], and the SAR averaged over 1 g and over 10 g of tissue has been evaluated in each point of the head of the exposed subject (which is the numerical phantom proposed in [24] having a discretization step of 4 mm in each direction). In Figure 10(a), the electric field distribution in a section of the head is reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Algorithms for the Specific Absorption Rate Numerical Evaluation Based on Spherical Averaging Volumes

Catarinucci¹,

Tarricone²

2012

PIER B

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Abstract-The numerical calculation of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) averaged over a certain tissue mass is a common practice when evaluating the potential health risk due to the human exposure to electromagnetic sources. Nevertheless, SAR values are strongly influenced by many factors such as, for instance, the shape of the volume containing the reference mass, the spatial discretization step, or the treatment of internal air, just to mention some of them: different choices can induce significant discrepancies. In this work, an overview on some of the most commonly adopted SAR algorithms is firstly presented, and a discussion on their potential differences reported. Then, based on a spherical volume approach, some new algorithms are proposed. All the algorithms are then used to evaluate the SAR both in artificially generated test cases and in some practical human-antenna interaction problems. The result comparison highlights relevant discrepancies and enforces the necessity of a reasoned standardization of the techniques for the SAR calculation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Algorithms for the Specific Absorption Rate Numerical Evaluation Based on Spherical Averaging Volumes

Catarinucci¹,

Tarricone²

2012

PIER B

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“…One was the "Zubal" head phantom made available by techniques described in Zubal et al [15]. This phantom is based on segmentation data from transaxial MR images, representing the typical anatomy of the upper half of a human head with 125 identified organs and suborgan structures.…”

Section: Phantomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bowtie filtration for dedicated cone beam CT of the head and neck: a simulation study

Zhang

Marshall²,

Jacobs³

et al. 2013

BJR

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Objective: To investigate the influence of bowtie filtration on dedicated cone beam CT (CBCT) of the head and neck. Methods: A validated hybrid simulation technique was used to model a commercial CBCT system with offset scanning geometry, 90 kV tube potential and 145375 mm imaging field of view. Three bowtie filters were formulated to produce uniform flux intensity in the projection image of cylindrical objects of diameter 14, 16 and 18 cm. The influence of these simulated filters was compared with the original flat filtration in terms of the output radiation field, the dose delivered to the object, the scatter distribution in projections and the quality of the reconstructed image. Results: Compared against flat filtration, dose reduction for the bowtie case, examined as a function of radial distance within a 16-cm-diameter water cylinder, varied from 8.7% at the centre to 53.8% at the periphery. Scatter reduction, quantified using scatter-to-primary ratio in projection images, was up to 37.6% for a 14-cm-diameter cylindrical contrast phantom. Using the supplied routine image reconstruction, bowtie filtration resulted in comparable noise appearance, contrast resolution and artefact pattern for computational anatomical phantoms, with ,5% difference in contrast-to-noise ratio. Conclusion: Bowtie filtration can effectively reduce the dose and scatter in CBCT of the head and neck. For better image quality, corresponding modification to the image pre-processing and reconstruction is needed. Advances in knowledge: The hybrid simulation approach can usefully explore the impact of proposed system component and design changes.

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“…A number of voxelized phantoms exist, covering anatomical variants (etc...age, sex, body weight and height) [5][6][7][8][9]. Their main advantage is the level of realism compared to stylized approaches; however, fail to provide the level of flexibility offered by mathematical phantoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 5D computational phantom for pharmacokinetic simulation studies in dynamic emission tomography

Kotasidis

Tsoumpas

Polycarpou

et al. 2014

Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics

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Introduction: Dynamic image acquisition protocols are increasingly used in emission tomography for drug development and clinical research. As such, there is a need for computational phantoms to accurately describe both the spatial and temporal distribution of radiotracers, also accounting for periodic and non-periodic physiological processes occurring during data acquisition. Methods:A new 5D anthropomorphic digital phantom was developed based on a generic simulation platform, for accurate parametric imaging simulation studies in emission tomography. The phantom is based on high spatial and temporal information derived from real 4D MR data and a detailed multi-compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling simulator. Results:The proposed phantom is comprised of 3 spatial and 2 temporal dimensions, including periodic physiological processes due to respiratory motion and non-periodic functional processes due to tracer kinetics. Conclusions:The envisaged applications of this digital phantom include the development and evaluation of motion correction and 4D image reconstruction algorithms in PET and SPECT, development of protocols and methods for tracer and drug development as well as new pharmacokinetic parameter estimation algorithms, amongst others. Although the simulation platform is primarily developed for generating dynamic phantoms for emission tomography studies, it can easily be extended to accommodate dynamic MR and CT imaging simulation protocols.

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Computerized three‐dimensional segmented human anatomy

Cited by 977 publications

References 0 publications

New Algorithms for the Specific Absorption Rate Numerical Evaluation Based on Spherical Averaging Volumes

New Algorithms for the Specific Absorption Rate Numerical Evaluation Based on Spherical Averaging Volumes

Bowtie filtration for dedicated cone beam CT of the head and neck: a simulation study

A 5D computational phantom for pharmacokinetic simulation studies in dynamic emission tomography

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