Computerized version of the Wisconsin card sorting test in children with high-functioning autistic disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorder: Explaining the inconsistencies?

“…Nine stages have to be completed assessing: (1) simple discrimination between two pink shapes; (2) simple reversal, using the same stimuli but with contingencies reversed; (3) compound discrimination separate: the same shape remains correct, but now the stimuli consist of one of two shapes combined with one of two nonoverlapping white lines; (4) compound discrimination superimposed: same as the previous stage, but now the lines are superimposed on the shapes (=compound stimuli); (5) compound reversal: using the same stimuli as in 4, but the other shape is correct; (6) intra-dimensional (ID) shift: new compound stimuli are presented and one of the new shapes is correct; (7) intradimensional reversal: using the same stimuli as in 6, but now the other shape is correct; (8) (2006), Pellicano (2007) and Sergeant (2005, 2006). b Robinson, Goddard, Dritschel, Wisley, andHowlin (2009), Tsuchiya, Oki, Yahara, andFujieda (2005) and Winsler, Abar, Feder, Schunn, and Rubio (2007). c Hill and Bird (2006).…”

Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?

“…This has been seen in the Wisconsin card sorting task in humans (Lysaker and Bell, 1994;Riccio et al, 1994a;Riccio et al, 1994b;Rybakowski et al, 2005;Tsuchiya et al, 2005). Rodent models of attentional set shifting…”

Do candidate genes discriminate patients with an autism spectrum disorder from those with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and is there an effect of lifetime substance use disorders?

“…Planning impairments are reported in both groups although more pronounced in children with ASD (Booth et al 2003). From other studies, it appears that executive functioning (EF), such as planning, working memory, impulse control, inhibition, and mental fl exibility, does not clearly differentiate between ASD and ADHD in children (Ozonoff and Jensen 1999;Geurts et al 2004;Banaschewski et al 2005;Tsuchiya et al 2005). Happé et al have put this in a developmental perspective and suggested that EF defi cits, are less severe in older children with ASD, compared to older children with ADHD (Happe et al 2006).…”