“…For some of these courses, their effectiveness is based solely on the self-reporting of participating students, who evaluate: their ability to communicate science (Brownell et al, 2013a); learning gains (Cirino et al, 2017); However, one of the prevailing issues with most of the studies described above is their lack of a pretest or baseline assessment. In practice, the assessment of grades and skills in these studies is based solely on post-intervention measurements (Boynton, 2018;Brownell et al, 2013a;Cirino et al, 2017;Heath et al, 2014;Latimore et al, 2014;Mercer-Mapstone & Kuchel, 2016;O'Keeffe & Bain, 2018;Poronnik & Moni, 2006;Yeoman et al, 2011). While some studies apply pre-and posttest surveys geared towards the development of students' self-perception of skills (Brownell et al, 2013a;Cirino et al, 2017;O'Keeffe & Bain, 2018;Poronnik & Moni, 2006;Yeoman et al, 2011), others apply either a post-course survey (Heath et al, 2014;Mercer-Mapstone & Kuchel, 2016), or assessments throughout the course (Latimore et al, 2014).…”