Concanavalin A induces apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner by modulating thiol/disulfide homeostasis in C6 glioblastoma cells

Abstract

Glioma is the most common brain tumor. C6 rat glioblastoma cells provide the possibility to the scientist to study brain cancer. Concanavalin A (Con A) has a lot of antitumoral effects, especially over oxidative stress. In the present study, it was aimed to decide the impacts of various doses of Con A on C6 glioblastoma cells regarding cytotoxicity, thiol/disulfide homeostasis, apoptosis, and inflammation. We detected the cytotoxic activity of Con A (from 7.8 to 500 µg/ml) in C6 cells by utilizing 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and determined the toxic concentration of Con A. Once the optimal doses were found, the thiol–disulfide homeostasis, levels of total antioxidant and oxidant status (TAS and TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), pro‐inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), apoptotic proteins as cytochrome c (CYCS), and caspase 3 (CASP3) were measured. Apoptotic and morphological changes in the C6 cells were examined with an inverted microscope and flow cytometry technique. Dose‐dependent Con A triggered oxidative damage in the C6 cells, affecting the inflammatory pathway, so reducing proliferation with apoptotic proteins and morphological changes. But especially, Con A increased disulfide formation by disrupting the thiol/disulfide balance in C6 cells. This study revealed that Con A, known as carbohydrate‐binding protein, generated oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner by modulating thiol/disulfide homeostasis in C6 glioblastoma cells.

The dual role of boron in vitro neurotoxication of glioblastoma cells via SEMA3F/NRP2 and ferroptosis signaling pathways

“…In meta‐analysis studies evaluating the results of studies showing the effect of chemotherapy on survival, it has become certain that chemotherapy increases survival 16 . The selection of the chemotherapeutic agent, the dose, the duration of administration and the genetic structure of the patient are the factors that directly affect the chemotherapy process 4 . Boric acid is an antioxidant substance due to its hydroxyl groups.…”

“…16 The selection of the chemotherapeutic agent, the dose, the duration of administration and the genetic structure of the patient are the factors that directly affect the chemotherapy process. 4 Boric acid is an antioxidant substance due to its hydroxyl groups. The toxic effects of high doses of antioxidant substances on cells often prevent cell viability and result in apoptotic cell death.…”

“…However, the safety of drugs and capsule used with radiation therapy in newly diagnosed patients has not been fully determined. Therefore, as we have shown in the previous preclinical study, we chose the C6 cell line from animal glioma models, which is more suitable and predictive in new treatment strategies to study glioma tumors 4 . Although oxidizing and radical molecules inhibit cell viability by regulating the signaling pathways of glioma cells, these compounds also expose cells to oxidative stress in a dose‐dependent manner.…”

Identification of SLITRK6 as a Novel Biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma by comprehensive bioinformatic analysis

“…Certainly, there are many deficiencies in our study; we conducted comprehensive bioinformatics analysis based mainly on data from online databases, lacking complete in vivo and in vitro functional validation. At the same time, different doses of anti-cancer drugs also have various effects on the oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and viability of tumor cells [ [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ]. The diagnostic treatment of tumors is challenging but still has a bright future.…”