Concentrating organics in water for biological testing

Jolley, R.L.

doi:10.1021/es00090a001

Cited by 51 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…It is evident that a unie procedure cannot efficiently recover compounds different in their physical and chemical properties (21,22). Moreover, the above observations emphasize the need of low-size molecular filters, if the recovery of chemicals is performed by filtration, and point out the possible loss of certain compounds, if evaporation of organic extracts is carried out.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of mutagenic pollutants of inland and coastal waters by means of theSalmonella/microsomeassay

Venier¹,

Antonella²,

Navazio³

et al. 1993

Environmental Technology

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A list of 116 water pollutants was prepared in order to tentatively identify some components critical for the activity of water concentrates in the Salmonella/micTosame mutagenicity test. Data are also reported concerning the recovery of alachlor, atrazine, benzo(a)pyrene, chlorodibromomethane and metolachlor from the aqueous phase by means of reverse osmosis and XAD-2 apolar resin extraction. Chemical analyses showed a consistent even though variable recovery of reference chemicals added to water samples at dose-range of 200-0.5 µgL -1 and concentrated by means of the two procedures. Despite the significant recoveries of selected pollutants, the XAD-2 concentrates of several fresh water and sea water samples showed irregular and weak mutagenic effects on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains, both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. The mutagenicity data suggest therefore an insufficient sensitivity of the Ames test and the need of additional end-points of mutagenicity (such as the induction of chromosomal alterations) in the monitoring of mutagenic effects of water concentrates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of mutagenic pollutants of inland and coastal waters by means of theSalmonella/microsomeassay

Venier¹,

Antonella²,

Navazio³

et al. 1993

Environmental Technology

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“…However, isolation of the broadest possible fraction of a complex mixture of unknowns is a considerably more difficult problem. A large variety of methods have been examined for isolation of organics from water, and these have been recently reviewed (6). Most of these have been developed specifically for volatile compounds and are, therefore, outside the scope of this paper.…”

Section: Isolation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonvolatile organic compounds in treated waters.

Watts¹,

Crathorne²,

Fielding³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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Over the past decade much information has been published on the analysis of organics extracted from treated water. Certain of these organics have been shown to be by-products of the chlorination disinfection process and to possess harmful effects at high concentrations. This has resulted in increased interest in alternative disinfection processes, particularly ozonation. The data on organics had been largely obtained by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which is only capable of analyzing, at best, 20% of the organics present in treated water. Research in key areas such as mutagenicity testing of water and characterization of chlorination and ozonation by-products has emphasized the need for techniques suitable for analysis of the remaining nonvolatile organics.Several methods for the isolation of nonvolatile organics have been evaluated and, of these, freeze-drying followed by methanol extraction appears the most suitable. Reverse-phase HPLC was used for separation of the methanol extract, but increased resolution for separation of the complex mixtures present is desirable. In this context, high resolution size exclusion chromatography shows promise. Characterization of separated nonvolatiles is possible by the application of state-of-the-art mass spectrometric techniques.Results obtained by these techniques have shown that the nonvolatile organic fraction of chlorinated drinking water consists of many discrete compounds. Among these, some of the chlorinated compounds are almost certainly by-products of disinfection. Studies of the byproducts of ozonation of fulvic and humic acids isolated from river waters have indicated a similar proportion of nonvolatile organics. Further, ozonation can result in the release of compounds that are trapped in the macromolecules.

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“…An alternate approach to sampling flowing waters, using continuous, accumulative sampling over a selected interval, offers several advantages when contrasted with grab sampling (Jolley, 1981). Accumulative samples provide average concentrations over the interval of accumulation, and thus reflect the population average in the sampling zone; they may accomodate larger sample volumes, thus lowering the limit of detection; they obviate the need for transporting and storing water; they are readily automated, saving on labor;…”

Section: I'm Woodrow Majeviski and Seibermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a variety of approaches to the sampling and analysis of trace organics in water (Keith, 1981;Jolley, 1981;Bj^rseth and Angeletti, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulative sampling of trace pesticides and other organics in surface water using xad‐4 resin

Woodrow

Majewski

Seiber

1986

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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XAD-4 resin accumulative sampling was tested as a means of on-site extraction of surface waters. Recoveries for most organochlorine, organophosphorus, organonitrogen, chlorophenol, and chlorophenoxy acid pesticides and related pollutants were acceptable (>50%) when spiked at the 10 and 0.1 ppb levels. Detection limits of 1-100 ppt were attainable for most compounds in river water, although lower levels required the use of an HPLC cleanup/fractionation step prior to those GC determinations using electroncapture detection. XAD-4 accumulative sampling was competitive with solvent extraction of grab samples in terms of recoveries, and offered advantages in volume of water sampled, detection limits, and sample handling.The wide range of solute applicability combined with the ease of constructing and operating the accumulative sampler recommends it over grab sampling for many types of monitoring applications.

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Concentrating organics in water for biological testing

Cited by 51 publications

References 14 publications

Detection of mutagenic pollutants of inland and coastal waters by means of theSalmonella/microsomeassay

Detection of mutagenic pollutants of inland and coastal waters by means of theSalmonella/microsomeassay

Nonvolatile organic compounds in treated waters.

Accumulative sampling of trace pesticides and other organics in surface water using xad‐4 resin

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