Concentration and lethal time of toxic baits based on spinosyns on Ceratitis capitata and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata 1

Abstract

The use of toxic baits with spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram), along with the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, is a sustainable alternative for the management of Ceratitis capitata. This study aimed to evaluate the lethal concentration (LC) and lethal time (LT) of spinosad and spinetoram, associated with the food lures sugarcane molasses at 7 %, Biofruit at 3 %, Ceratrap® at 1.5 %, Flyral® at 1.25 %, Isca Samaritá® and Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 %, on C. capitata, under laboratory conditions, as well as their effect, at the concentration of 96 mg L-1, on D. longicaudata. For the lethal time data, mortality was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h after the exposure to the toxic baits. The lowest lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95), to spinetoram (0.5 mg L-1 and 3.7 mg L-1, respectively) and spinosad (0.8 mg L-1 and 7.8 mg L-1, respectively), corresponded to the association with Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 %. The lowest lethal time (TL50), in hours, for the spinosad insecticide, corresponded to the formulation containing Biofruit at 3 % (6.6), and, to spinetoram, Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 % (7.9). For D. longicaudata, the formulations that caused the lowest mortality corresponded to the association of Biofruit® at 3 % with spinosad (4.7 %) and Samaritá Tradicional® at 3 % with espinetoram (3.5 %). The toxic baits formulated with spinosad and espinetoram, associated with Isca Samaritá® at 3 %, caused a mortality rate of more than 60 % to the parasitoid D. longicaudata.

RNAi in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Successes and challenges

“…One possible alternative could be the delivery of dsRNA in artificial baits (Nandety et al., 2014), technique consisting in providing a food lure, such as sugarcane molasse and hydrolysed proteins (Schutze et al., 2018) to attract them and promote the ingestion of the chemical that causes mortality. Toxic baits are currently the most commonly used method to control Tephritidae populations, especially organophosphate‐based baits (Baldin et al., 2018; Bernardi et al., 2019). However, some baits, such as malathion‐based ones, may negatively affect non‐target organisms, like parasitoids (Michaud, 2003).…”

Lethal and sublethal effects of toxic bait formulations on Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and implications for integrated fruit fly management

“…Integrated pest management (IPM) is an important tool that helps to reduce fruit fly populations without requiring large-scale application of insecticides (Navarro-Llopis et al 2012, Baronio et al 2019, Nunes et al 2020, Borges et al 2021). However, it is important to verify the compatibility of the insecticide used to formulate toxic bait with other control strategies, such as biological control (Baldin et al 2018, Bernardi et al 2019, Farah et al 2019, Cardoso et al 2021). In Brazil, several species of fruit fly parasitoids have been reported to occur naturally, such as Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Opius bellus (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) (Ovruski et al 2000, Marsaro Júnior et al 2011, Nunes et al 2012).…”