Concentration, distribution and speciation of toxic metals in soils along a transect around a Zn/Pb smelter in the northwest of Iran

Ghayoraneh, Maryam; Qishlaqi, Afshin

doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.05.007

Cited by 69 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…A metal mobility factor (Equation (2)) was utilised to differentiate the natural concentration of heavy metals at different soil depths [48] from the anthropogenic contamination. The metal mobility factor describes the possible movement of the selected heavy metals out of the soil profiles [49].…”

Section: Metal Mobility Ratio In Subsoil Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution and Mobility Assessment of Carcinogenic Heavy Metals in Soil Profiles Using Geostatistics and Random Forest, Boruta Algorithm

Shaheen

Iqbal

2018

Sustainability

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Abstract:In third world countries, industries mainly cause environmental contamination due to lack of environmental policies or oversight during their implementation. The Sheikhupura industrial zone, which includes industries such as tanneries, leather, chemical, textiles, and colour and dyes, contributes massive amounts of untreated effluents that are released directly into drains and used for the irrigation of crops and vegetables. This practice causes not only soil contamination with an excessive amount of heavy metals, but is also considered a source of toxicity in the food chain, i.e., bioaccumulation in plants and ultimately in human body organs. The objective of this research study was to assess the spatial distribution of the heavy metals chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), at three depths of soil using geostatistics and the selection of significant contributing variables to soil contamination using the Random Forest (RF) function of the Boruta Algorithm. A total of 60 sampling locations were selected in the study area to collect soil samples (180 samples) at three depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 60-90 cm). The soil samples were analysed for their physico-chemical properties, i.e., soil saturation, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), pH, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and Cr, Cd, and Pb using standard laboratory procedures. The data were analysed with comprehensive statistics and geostatistical techniques. The correlation coefficient matrix between the heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties revealed that electrical conductivity (EC) had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) negative correlation with Cr, Cd, and Pb. The RF function of the Boruta Algorithm employed soil depth as a classifier and ranked the significant soil contamination parameters (Cr, Cd, Pb, EC, and P) in relation to depth. The mobility factor indicated the leachate percentage of heavy metals at different vertical depths of soil. The spatial distribution pattern of Cr, Cd, and Pb revealed spatial variability regarding subsoil horizons. Significant contamination was discovered near the Deg drain and the Bed Nallah irrigated area that indicated a high Cr topsoil contamination, and in a homogenous pattern in Cd and Pb (p < 0.05). Consequently, different soil management strategies can be adopted in an industrial irrigated area to reduce the contamination load of heavy metals in soil.

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Section: Metal Mobility Ratio In Subsoil Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Distribution and Mobility Assessment of Carcinogenic Heavy Metals in Soil Profiles Using Geostatistics and Random Forest, Boruta Algorithm

Shaheen

Iqbal

2018

Sustainability

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“…Heavy metals enter the soil mainly through atmospheric deposition, sewage irrigation, and slag percolation, resulting in various levels of heavy metal contamination in cultivated land around a smelter [7,[11][12][13]. Many studies have shown that heavy metal pollution in soil around nonferrous metal smelting areas is very serious [4,[14][15][16]. The Pb/Zn smelting is an important source of heavy metals in soil [8,9,11,16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the growing demand for Pb and Zn resources in China, the environmental problems arising from the Pb/Zn smelting process cannot be ignored. During the smelting of Pb/Zn minerals, a large amount of waste water, waste gas and solid waste is generated; if improperly treated or discharged, it causes soil heavy metal pollution, and ultimately results in harm to human health through the food chain [6,14,[22][23][24]. At present, studies on the environmental release of Pb/Zn during smelting in China are insufficient, and the environmental release and distribution of Pb/Zn at the provincial level is unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, the research at home and abroad in Pb/Zn smelting areas mainly focuses on pollution and risk assessment of soil and crops around smelting areas, and the research areas are mostly small or medium-sized [4,14,16,[24][25][26][27]. There is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of the differences in pollution degree and potential ecological risk in different regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatiotemporal Variation and Pollution Assessment of Pb/Zn from Smelting Activities in China

Zang

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Nonferrous smelting is an important source of heavy metals in soil, which causes different degrees of soil pollution, especially in lead–zinc (Pb/Zn) smelting areas. Based on the Pb/Zn environmental release during the Pb/Zn mineral smelting processes in 31 Chinese provinces from the period 2000 to 2015, the study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in Pb/Zn environmental release at the national level and then evaluated the degree of soil pollution and potential ecological risk based on the heavy metal content in soil from Pb/Zn smelting areas. The results showed that from the period 2000 to 2015, the Pb release had a discrete trend, transferring from the middle east to the west, and the provinces with higher Pb releases were Henan Province, Yunnan Province, and Hunan Province. However, the Zn release showed a tendency towards spatial aggregation, and the release center of this heavy metal presented a shifting trend from south to north; additionally, the release of Zn was highest in Hunan Province. The pollution index analyses indicated that Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Zhuzhou and Huludao all reached extremely polluted levels, while Tongguan was at a safe level. In Gejiu, Mianxian, Fengxian, Zhuzhou, Huludao, and Shaoguan, there were very high potential ecological risks, with Cd having the highest potential ecological risk in most smelting areas, followed by Pb.

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“…Soil contamination by these metals occurs because of the existence of bioavailable forms in soil solution. In soluble or exchangeable form, toxic metals can be absorbed by the plants that accumulate them in their tissues, which in turn can be introduced into the food chain (CRISTALDI et al, 2017;GHAYORANEH and QISHLAQI, 2017). While in exchangeable form, the metals can be leached and enter underground water bodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentially toxic metals of vegetable gardens of urban schools in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil

et al. 2020

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Urban environments are contaminated in many ways with persistent organic and inorganic pollutants as a result of anthropogenic activities, endangering human health and natural resources. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the soil contamination by cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 10 vegetable gardens of urban schools located near or on Botucatu sandstone outcrops of Guarani Aquifer in the urban areas of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. In each garden, three soil samples at each position (in the soil immediately outside and the soil in the garden) were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm. The ISO 11466 method was used to extract the metals. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was used to quantify the elements and certified materials to evaluate the quantities (SRM 2709a - San Joaquin Soil - NIST). To evaluate the data, principal component analyses and cluster analyses were performed. The cluster analysis for the evaluated metals showed that the highest contents of elements were reported in three gardens. Values above the prevention value defined by resolution no. 420/2005 of the National Council for the Environment -Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) - were reported for cobalt in one garden and copper in three gardens; thus, these areas were categorized as Class III areas. Principal component analysis explained 74.7% of the data and showed the enrichment of some elements within gardens.

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Concentration, distribution and speciation of toxic metals in soils along a transect around a Zn/Pb smelter in the northwest of Iran

Cited by 69 publications

References 57 publications

Spatial Distribution and Mobility Assessment of Carcinogenic Heavy Metals in Soil Profiles Using Geostatistics and Random Forest, Boruta Algorithm

Spatial Distribution and Mobility Assessment of Carcinogenic Heavy Metals in Soil Profiles Using Geostatistics and Random Forest, Boruta Algorithm

Spatiotemporal Variation and Pollution Assessment of Pb/Zn from Smelting Activities in China

Potentially toxic metals of vegetable gardens of urban schools in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil

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