Concentration Level and Health Risk Assessment
of Heavy Metals in PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; in Ambient Air of Makkah
City, Saudi Arabia

Abdulaziz, Mohammed; Alshehri, Ali; Badri, Hatim; Summan, Ahmed; Sayqal, Ali

doi:10.15244/pjoes/147589

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The addition of specific combinations of trace metals to diesel fuel can increase its toxicity, even though these metals may not be individually harmful (Hedfi et al 2013 ). Notably, certain metals like chromium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and lead are classified as carcinogens (Abdulaziz et al 2022 ; Agarwal et al 2017 ). Given these health and environmental risks, trace metal analysis of biodiesel, as a cleaner alternative fuel, is crucial.…”

Section: Ft-ir Analysis Of Biodiesel and Bioglycerolmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ICP-MS study on metal content in biodiesel and bioglycerol produced from heated and unheated canola oils

Bojesomo,

Raj,

Elkadi

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study addresses the challenges of biodiesel production costs and waste oil disposal by investigating the use of low-cost waste oil as a feedstock. The impact of heating temperature on biodiesel yield and trace metal levels is examined using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal conditions for high biodiesel yields (95–98%) from canola oil are determined with a methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, 1 wt% catalyst, and 60-min reaction time. For crude bioglycerol, the optimal conditions involve a methanol/oil ratio of 4.25:1, 2.93 wt% catalyst, and 119.15-min reaction time. Elemental analysis reveals the presence of high-concentration metals like Cu and Zn and low-concentration ones such as Pb, As, Se, and Zr in both oil feedstocks and their respective biodiesel and bioglycerol products. The study demonstrates that thermal stress on canola oil significantly impacts biodiesel and bioglycerol yields and trace metal levels during the transesterification process. The findings contribute to enhancing cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability in biodiesel production.

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Section: Ft-ir Analysis Of Biodiesel and Bioglycerolmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ICP-MS study on metal content in biodiesel and bioglycerol produced from heated and unheated canola oils

Bojesomo,

Raj,

Elkadi

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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show abstract

“…Human risk analysis is a methodical approach that involves evaluating, managing, and establishing the correlation between environmental pollutants and their impact on human health 40 . In this study, the risk assessment model for human health, as provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 41,42 , was employed to evaluate the potential health effects, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, resulting from exposure to heavy metals present in the ambient air of Ahvaz city.…”

Section: Human Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating PM2.5 toxicity in highly polluted urban and industrial areas in the Middle East: human health risk assessment and spatial distribution

Goodarzi,

Azimi Mohammadabadi,

Jafari

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Exposure to particulate matter (PM) can be considered as a factor affecting human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of PM2.5 and heavy metals and their influence on survival of A549 human lung cells in exposure to PM2.5 breathing air of Ahvaz city. In order to assess the levels of PM2.5 and heavy metals, air samples were collected from 14 sampling stations positioned across Ahvaz city during both winter and summer seasons. The concentration of heavy metals was determined using ICP OES. Next, the MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was employed to ascertain the survival rate of A549 cells. The findings from this research demonstrated that average PM2.5 of the study period was (149.5 μg/m3). Also, the average concentration of PM2.5 in the urban area in winter and summer was (153.3- and 106.9 μg/m3) and in the industrial area this parameter was (191.6 and 158.3 μg/m3). The average concentration of metals (ng/m3) of urban areas against industrial, Al (493 vs. 485), Fe (536 vs. 612), Cu (198 vs. 212), Ni (128 vs. 129), Cr (48.5 vs. 54), Cd (118 vs. 124), Mn (120 vs. 119), As (51 vs. 67), Hg (37 vs. 50), Zn (302 vs. 332) and Pb (266 vs. 351) were obtained. The results of the MTT assay showed that the highest percentage of cell survival according to the exposure concentration was 25 > 50 > 100 > 200. Also, the lowest percentage of survival (58.8%) was observed in the winter season and in industrial areas with a concentration of 200 μg/ml. The carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals indicated that except for Cr, whose carcinogenicity was 1.32E−03, other metals were in the safe range (10–4–10–6) for human health. The high concentration of PM2.5 and heavy metals can increase respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and reduce the public health level of Ahvaz citizens.

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A comprehensive perspective on potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) bound with particulate matters in ambient air of landfill sites: a systematic review and probabilistic risk assessment

Heidarinejad,

Pasalari,

Eshrati

et al. 2024

Environ Geochem Health

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Concentration Level and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Ambient Air of Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

An ICP-MS study on metal content in biodiesel and bioglycerol produced from heated and unheated canola oils

An ICP-MS study on metal content in biodiesel and bioglycerol produced from heated and unheated canola oils

Investigating PM2.5 toxicity in highly polluted urban and industrial areas in the Middle East: human health risk assessment and spatial distribution

A comprehensive perspective on potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) bound with particulate matters in ambient air of landfill sites: a systematic review and probabilistic risk assessment

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