Concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban–industrial area in South Africa

Morakinyo, Oyewale Mayowa; Mukhola, Murembiwa Stanley; Mokgobu, Matlou Ingrid

doi:10.1007/s10653-019-00493-2

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Particle levels were significantly higher during the cold and dry months than during the warm and humid months. This is in line with many previous studies [39,42,43]. Meteorological factors, domestic fuel burning, and varying agricultural activities may contribute to this difference.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa

Edlund

Killman

Molnár

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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We assessed the health risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ambient air pollution and its trace elemental components in a rural South African community. Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. PM2.5 samples were previously collected, April 2017 to April 2018, and PM2.5 mass determined. The filters were analyzed for chemical composition. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) health risk assessment method was applied. Reference doses were calculated from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and US EPA reference concentrations. Despite relatively moderate levels of PM2.5 the health risks were substantial, especially for infants and children. The average annual PM2.5 concentration was 11 µg/m3, which is above WHO guidelines, but below South African NAAQS. Adults were exposed to health risks from PM2.5 during May to October, whereas infants and children were exposed to risk throughout the year. Particle-bound nickel posed both non-cancer and cancer risks. We conclude that PM2.5 poses health risks in Thohoyandou, despite levels being compliant with yearly South African NAAQS. The results indicate that air quality standards need to be tightened and PM2.5 levels lowered in South Africa.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa

Edlund

Killman

Molnár

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Across different seasons and age groups, ILCR values for daily inhalation and ingestion exposure to PAHs were higher than the values for daily exposure through dermal contact. This observation was in line with earlier study in South Africa (Morakinyo et al, 2019a). The risk was highest in children in the age group of 2-4 years.…”

Section: Inhalation Risksupporting

confidence: 93%

“…where C = concentration of PAHs (ng/m 3 ); ED = exposure duration (days); BW = body weight of the exposed group (kg); AT = averaging time (days), ET = exposure time (h/day); IngR = ingestion rate (mg/day); InhR = inhalation rate (m 3 /day); SA = surface area of the skin exposed to pollutants (cm 2 ); AF = skin adherence factor (mg/cm 2 /day); ABS = dermal absorption factor; EF = exposure frequency (days/year); CSF = cancer slope factor (mg − 1 kg day) and CF = unit conversion factor (C = 10 − 6 ). The values of these parameters are taken from a previous study (Morakinyo et al, 2019b).…”

Section: Cancer Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 and PM10 From Industrial Area of Odisha, India: Sources, Atmospheric Transport and Health Risk Assessment

Ekka¹,

Sahu²,

Dwivedi³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study we aim to assess 16 priority PAHs enlisted by the US Environmental Protection Agency in PM 2.5 and PM 10 for the first time from industrial areas of Odisha State in India. During 2017–2018, bimonthly sampling of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were carried out for 24 hours by respirable dust sampler and PM 2.5 sampler respectively, in the industrial and mining areas of Jharsuguda (n = 2) and Angul (n = 4) during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoonal seasons. Highest average concentration of ∑ 16 PAHs in PM 2.5 was observed during post monsoon (170 ng/m3) followed by pre-monsoon (17–89 ng/m3; avg, 48 ng/m3) and monsoonal season (2–40 ng/m3 ; avg, 16 ng/m 3 ), respectively. Similar trend of ∑ 16 PAHs levels in PM 10 was seen with higher levels during post monsoon (116–471 ng/m3; avg, 286 ng/m3) followed by pre-monsoon (avg, 81 ng/m3) and monsoon seasons (27 ng/m3. Diagnostic ratios BaA/(BaA + Chry), Phe/(Phe + Ant) and Flt/(Flt + Pyr) and principal component analysis (PCA) suggest diesel, gasoline and coal combustion are the major contributors for atmospheric PAHs pollution in Odisha. Back trajectories analysis revealed that PAHs concentration was affected majorly by air masses originating from the northwest direction traversing through central India. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) ranged between 0.24 to 94.13 ng TEQ/m3. In our study incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) ranged between 10 − 5 and 10 − 3 representing potential cancer risk.

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“…The study population was grouped into four categories: infants (birth-1 year), children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years), and adults (19−75 years). We have utilised this age classification in our previous study [22].…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

2020

Self Cite

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Urban air pollution from gaseous pollutants is a growing public health problem in many countries including South Africa. Examining the levels, trends and health risk of exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants will assist in understanding the effectiveness of existing control measures and plan for suitable management strategies. This study determined the concentration levels and non-cancer risk of CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 at an industrial area in Pretoria West, South Africa. We utilised a set of secondary data for CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 that was obtained from a monitoring station. Analysis of the hourly monitored data was done. Their non-cancer risk (HQ) was determined using the human health risk assessment model for different age categories. The annual levels of NO2 (39.442 µg/m3), SO2 (22.464 µg/m3), CO (722.003 µg/m3) and the 8-hour concentration of CO (649.902 µg/m3) and O3 (33.556 µg/m3) did not exceed the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards for each pollutant. The HQ for each pollutant across exposed groups (except children) was less than 1. This indicates that the recorded levels could not pose non-cancer risk to susceptible individuals.

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Concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban–industrial area in South Africa

Cited by 23 publications

References 63 publications

Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa

Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 and PM2.5-Bound Trace Elements in Thohoyandou, South Africa

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 and PM10 From Industrial Area of Odisha, India: Sources, Atmospheric Transport and Health Risk Assessment

Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

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