Concentration of carprofen in the milk of lactating bitches after cesarean section and during inflammatory conditions

Dead or Alive? A Review of Perinatal Factors That Determine Canine Neonatal Viability

“…A female in pain may present a weaker maternal instinct and refuse to care for or feed her puppies. This, in turn, puts them at risk of developing hypoglycemia and hypothermia, both very dangerous in newborns [ 100 , 101 ]. However, when administering analgesics to the bitch, one must be aware of their ability to pass through the mammary gland into milk.…”

“…However, when administering analgesics to the bitch, one must be aware of their ability to pass through the mammary gland into milk. The most commonly used analgesics belong to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or opioids [ 101 ]. Due to the risk of damaging the immature kidneys and liver of the newborns in the case of using NSAID, or being more sensitive to the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of opioids, especially in pups under three weeks of age, not many drugs are approved for use in pregnant and lactating bitches, significantly affecting their post-surgical recovery and welfare [ 101 ].…”

“…The most commonly used analgesics belong to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or opioids [ 101 ]. Due to the risk of damaging the immature kidneys and liver of the newborns in the case of using NSAID, or being more sensitive to the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of opioids, especially in pups under three weeks of age, not many drugs are approved for use in pregnant and lactating bitches, significantly affecting their post-surgical recovery and welfare [ 101 ]. Studies have shown that cimicoxib and carprofen exhibit low penetration through the mammary gland barrier [ 101 , 102 ].…”

“…Due to the risk of damaging the immature kidneys and liver of the newborns in the case of using NSAID, or being more sensitive to the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of opioids, especially in pups under three weeks of age, not many drugs are approved for use in pregnant and lactating bitches, significantly affecting their post-surgical recovery and welfare [ 101 ]. Studies have shown that cimicoxib and carprofen exhibit low penetration through the mammary gland barrier [ 101 , 102 ]. Treatment of lactating bitches for a short period of time seems to be safe for the offspring; however, carprofen should be used with caution in bitches with diagnosed mastitis, in which case the drug can penetrate the milk in higher amounts [ 101 ].…”

“…Studies have shown that cimicoxib and carprofen exhibit low penetration through the mammary gland barrier [ 101 , 102 ]. Treatment of lactating bitches for a short period of time seems to be safe for the offspring; however, carprofen should be used with caution in bitches with diagnosed mastitis, in which case the drug can penetrate the milk in higher amounts [ 101 ].…”