Concentration of Lidocaine Affects Intensity of Sensory Block During Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia

Comparison of 2 concentrations of levobupivacaine in postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia

“…In clinical studies [1][2][3][4][5], contradictory results have been reported, probably due to the fact that the total dose of local anesthetic was not taken into consideration. Bromage [6] found that it is the total local anesthetic dose, and not the total volume, which determines the spread and quality of analgesia.…”

A prospective randomized study of intraoperative thoracic epidural analgesia in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

“…Many studies have shown that epidural anesthesia had no effect on the BIS, and suggested that the BIS may not be a good indicator when GA is combined with epidural anesthesia [18], while other investigators have documented that epidural anesthesia decreased the BIS and reduced the requirements for propofol or volatile anesthetics during GA [19,20]. Furthermore, some studies have shown that the quality of the epidural blockade may, consequently, affect general anesthetic requirements [21,22]. The present study suggested that TEA may synergistically decrease BIS in GA patients, thus reducing the amount of propofol consumption.…”

Evidence-Based Obstetric Anesthesia: An Update on Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery

“…The epidural administration of lidocaine in concentrations less than 2%, or without the addition of epinephrine (which independently augments the analgesia through alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade), may result in anesthesia that is inadequate for surgery [58]. Surgical anesthesia can also be produced with epidural administration of 0.5% bupivacaine.…”