Concentration of Organotin and Booster Biocides in Sediments of Seagrass Area from Sungai Pulai Estuary, South of Johor, Malaysia

Abstract

Antifouling compounds are widely used in paints applied on ship hulls to prevent attachment of fouling organisms. However, a certain amount of these chemicals could leach from the painted surface, enter seawater, and pose deleterious effects on various marine biotas. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of organotin (OT) compounds and booster biocides in sediments collected from the seagrass area of Sungai Pulai estuary, Malaysia. The sediment samples were collected from three points on the seagrass bed, brought back to the laboratory, extracted using standard extraction procedure, and the analytes were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The results showed that tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in sediments were within the range of 8.1 ± 0.4 to 10.6 ± 0.5 µg/kg, whereas the values of triphenyltin (TPT) were between 17.1 ± 0.9 and 19.4 ± 1.0 µg/kg. The range of concentration of booster biocides, namely diuron, dichlofluanid chlorothalonil, Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea-Nine 211, were from <0.1 to 22.9 ± 1.1, 48.7 ± 2.4 to 800 ± 40, <0.1 to 6.2 ± 0.3, <0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.1, 44 ± 2.2 to 877 ± 44, and 9.1 ± 0.5 to 170 ± 8.5 µg/kg, respectively. The concentration of organotin was much lower than the previous study conducted in southern Johor. Meanwhile, the increased concentration of booster biocides proves the use of these compounds as antifouling paints in shipping systems nowadays.

Effect of Diuron on Embryo-Larval Development of Javanese Medaka (<em>Oryzias</em> <em>javanicus</em>, Bleeker 1854)

“…High population growth results in increased food production thereby high demand and application of herbicides, which indirectly ended up in non-target organisms, causing negative biological effects [45]. Direct application of diuron into aquatic ecosystem during the embryonic or early post-embryonic development of fish would pose potential negative effects [46].…”

Endocrine disruption in aquatic species of Chile

“…Finally, regarding amphibians, the presence of dioxins (by H4IIE-luc bioassay) was detected in sediments from sites where alterations were found in frogs (Rojas-Hucks et al (Mukhtar et al 2019;Champ 2000). Recovery in many mollusk communities began soon after TBT was globally banned (Matthiessen et al 2013).…”

“…Therefore, the exposure time is relevant because EDs can have an effect only in particular stages of life. There is concern about widely used substances that are active in relatively low concentrations and that, although of short duration, are commonly found in the environment due to their continuous release into sewage or other pathways (Godfray et al 2019;Mukhtar et al 2019;SETAC 2014).…”

Antifouling Paints Biocides (Irgarol 1051 and Diuron) in the Selected Ports of Peninsular Malaysia: Occurrence, Seasonal Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment.

“…The banned of OT compounds as antifouling paints has turn to call for biocides compounds as alternative antifouling agent in coating paint (Hanapiah et al 2017). The selection of biocides booster is due to less persistent and highly degradable characteristics (Mukhtar et al 2019).…”

“…Historically, numerous types of chemicals such as organotin (OT) compounds, organomercury compounds and DDT has been widely used as antifouling in underwater coating paints. Nonetheless, such compounds cause deleterious effects to the environment and human health; therefore, they were banned in shipping industrial sector and were replaced by organotin (OT) compounds such as tributyltin and triphenyltin (Mukhtar et al 2019). Yet to be resolved, in the early of 21st century, after being used as antifouling paint, OT compounds has been also banned due to its acute toxicity, persistency and poorly biodegradable (Macken et al 2008; Kucuksezgin et al 2011;Tsunemasa and Okamura 2011).…”