Concentration of Rare Earth Elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) in Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Water and Alkali Leaching of Bauxite Sintering Dust

Chaikin, Leonid; Shoppert, Andrei; Valeev, Dmitry; Логинова, И. В.; Napol’skikh, Julia

doi:10.3390/min10060500

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…According to the EPMA analysis of RMF (Figure 2) and our previous research [43], it was found that the association of Sc with iron-containing minerals is high. After alkalifusing of bauxite followed by water leaching, the hematite matrix was destroyed, and the amount of the hydrosodalite was very low (Table 1, Figure 1).…”

Section: Study Of the Kinetics And Mechanism Of Sc Leaching From Rmfmentioning

confidence: 69%

Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method

et al. 2022

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Bauxite residue, known as “red mud,” is a potential raw material for extracting rare-earth elements (REEs). The main REEs (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Nb, and Sm) from the raw bauxite are concentrated in RM after the Bayer leaching process. The earlier worldwide studies were focused on the scandium (Sc) extraction from RM by concentrated acids to enhance the extraction degree. This leads to the dissolution of major oxides (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) from RM. This article studies the possibility of selective Sc extraction from alkali fusion red mud (RMF) by diluted nitric acid (HNO3) leaching at pH ≥ 2 to prevent co-dissolution of Fe2O3. RMF samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was revealed that Sc concentration in RMF can reach up to 140–150 mg kg−1. Sc extraction was 71.2% at RMF leaching by HNO3 at pH 2 and 80 °C during 90 min. The leaching solution contained 8 mg L−1 Sc and a high amount of other REEs in the presence of relatively low concentrations of impurity elements such as Fe, Al, Ti, Ca, etc. The kinetic analysis of experimental data by the shrinking core model showed that Sc leaching process is limited by the interfacial diffusion and the diffusion through the product layer. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was 19.5 kJ/mol. The linear dependence of Sc extraction on magnesium (Mg) extraction was revealed. According to EPMA of RMF, Sc is associated with iron minerals rather than Mg. This allows us to conclude that Mg acts as a leaching agent for the extraction of Sc presented in the RMF in an ion-exchangeable phase.

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Section: Study Of the Kinetics And Mechanism Of Sc Leaching From Rmfmentioning

confidence: 69%

Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method

et al. 2022

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“…Coating technology opens the door for applications in pigment areas using Ti as pigment ion. Red mud could be used as a coating by thermal plasma spray technologies for wear resistance coating or corrosive resistance coating layers that could stand as a barrier against environmental conditions [ 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Coatings based on red mud offer an important erosion wear resistance, which can further be improved.…”

Section: Fields Of Application Of Red Mudmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Red Mud as a Source for Metal Ions—A Review

Samal

2021

Materials

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An overview is presented on the prospective use of red mud as a resource in this review. Various scopes are suggested for the utilization of red mud to maintain a sustainable environment. The potential use of red mud covers the valuable metal recovery that could emphasize the use of red mud as a resource. Red mud could act as reduced slag in the metallurgical field for the extraction of minerals and metals for upscale application. Although many studies have revealed the potential utilization of red mud, most of them are only limited to a lab-scale basis. Therefore, a large-scale investigation on recycling of red mud for the extraction in the area of the metal recovery section will draw attention to the extensive use of red mud. Metal ions of major elements Fe (44 wt.%), Al (18.2 wt.%), Si (14.3 wt.%), Ti (9.3 wt.%), Na (6.2 wt.%), Ca (4.4 wt.%) as major elements and of Mg, V, Mn, Cr, K as minor elements and rare earth elements such as Ce (102 mg/kg), La (56 mg/kg), Sc (47 mg/kg), Nd (45 mg/kg), Sm (9 mg/kg). Moreover, an appropriate in-house metal recovery facility with the alumina industry will come out as a cost–benefit analysis.

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“…An electrostatic precipitator captured the tiniest particles (less than 20 µm) from the exhaust gases. The ESP dust chemical and phase compositions were shown in a previous research [28]. The ESP dust water leaching was carried out by distilled water at a temperature of 95 • C, L/S ratio of 10:1, and leaching time of 60 min.…”

Section: Materials and Reagentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we aim to evaluate the MgSO 4 leaching of Sc and other REEs from the RM obtained by water-alkali leaching of the sintering process dust that was performed in our previous research [28]. This RM contains up to 240 mg kg −1 Sc and a high amount of other REEs (up to 3200 mg kg −1 ) that have been released from the iron minerals solid matrix during the sintering process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

et al. 2022

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Bauxite residue, also known as red mud (RM), from alumina production is the most promising technogenic material for the production of scandium (Sc) and other rare earth elements (REEs). Conveniently, RM is processed by using a strong acid (pH < 2.5), which lead to co-dissolution of iron and other undesirable major components. In this work, for the first time, the possibility of selective extraction of scandium from red mud by using highly diluted acid (pH > 4) in the presence of MgSO4 was shown. The effect of temperature (40–80 °C), time (0–60 min), pH (2–5), and the MgSO4 concentration (12–36 g L−1) on Sc extraction efficiency was evaluated. It was shown that Sc extraction was higher than 63% even at a pH of 4, at 80 °C, after 1 h, while more than 80% could be extracted at a pH of 2. Iron extraction reduced from 7.7 to 0.03% by increasing the pH from 2 to 4. The kinetics study using the shrinking core model (SCM) has shown that diffusion through a product layer is a rate-limiting stage of the process at high temperatures (>60 °C) and low pH (<3), whereas, at lower temperatures and higher pH values, the leaching rate is limited by diffusion through the liquid film.

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Concentration of Rare Earth Elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm) in Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Water and Alkali Leaching of Bauxite Sintering Dust

Cited by 23 publications

References 51 publications

Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method

Selective Scandium (Sc) Extraction from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Obtained by Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method

Utilization of Red Mud as a Source for Metal Ions—A Review

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

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