Concentration—time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases

Berge, W.F. ten; Zwart, A.; Appelman, L.M.

doi:10.1016/0304-3894(86)85003-8

Cited by 236 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Thus, Haber's law is not valid for nerve agents. Toxicologists commonly use an equation based on a paper by ten Berge et al 18 to account for how toxic effects depend on exposure. This paper uses…”

Section: The Ten Berge Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels in a Dispersion Model

Stage¹

2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is in the process of establishing acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for a number of toxic chemicals. These guidelines represent predictable human consequences from measured exposures of selected toxic chemicals over time.They are intended for emergency planning and regulatory purposes. This paper presents a method that can be used by atmospheric dispersion models to compute AEGL values and graphically display the regions exposed to each guideline level on area maps. EPA currently defines three levels of AEGLs corresponding to increasingly severe symptoms, ranging from notable discomfort (AEGL-1) to serious adverse health effects (AEGL-2) to life-threatening effects or death (AEGL-3). For each chemical's three AEGL levels, guideline concentrations are defined for five exposure durations: 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 4 hr, and 8 hr.Dispersion models can compute a chemical dosage (timeintegrated concentration) and a peak concentration throughout the area exposed to the plume. The AEGL then can be computed by finding the effective duration of the plume at each location, computing the AEGLequivalent dosages for these durations, and comparing the dosage at each point with the AEGL-equivalent dosages. AEGL contours then can be plotted and readily interpreted in terms of expected toxicity levels for each level of health impact.

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Section: The Ten Berge Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values of n can be determined by probit analysis of toxicity data as was done by ten Berge et al 18 19 and underscoring the importance of exposure duration. For instance, Mannan and Kilpatrick 20 state that methyl isocyanate, which was released in the Bhopal incident, has n ϭ 0.65.…”

Section: The Ten Berge Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels in a Dispersion Model

Stage¹

2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…An approximation in toxicology (sometimes termed Haber's rule) is that the product of the dose and duration of exposure to a particular toxic substance equals a constant value (6,33) according to the equation: C' (t) = constant, where C is the concentration, t is the exposure duration, and n is unity (= 1).…”

Section: Relationship Between Concentration and Exposure Duration In mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a 5-min inhalation exposure to a particular concentration in air might be approximately equivalent to a 1-hr exposure to 1/12th of the 5-min concentration. Alternatively, Ten Berge et al (33) empirically determined that n = 2 for mice and rats, and suggest that n might = 2 for humans as well. The relationship elucidated above, with the value of n chosen from 1 to 2, may be used to adjust ammonia concentrations over varying exposure durations to the equivalent concentration corresponding to any chosen exposure duration from 5 min to 1 hr (6).…”

Section: Relationship Between Concentration and Exposure Duration In mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergency planning and the acute toxic potency of inhaled ammonia.

Michaels¹

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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Ammonia is present in agriculture and commerce in many if not most communities. This report evaluates the toxic potency of ammonia, based on three types of data: anecdotal data, in some cases predating World War 1, reconstructions of contemporary industrial accidents, and animal bioassays. Standards and guidelines for human exposure have been driven largely by the anecdotal data, suggesting that ammonia at 5,000-10,000 parts per million, volume/volume (ppm-v), might be lethal within 5-10 min. However, contemporary accident reconstructions suggest that ammonia lethality requires higher concentrations. For example, 33,737 ppm-v was a 5-min zero-mortality value in a major ammonia release in 1973 in South Africa. Comparisons of secondary reports of ammonia lethality with original sources revealed discrepancies in contemporary sources, apparently resulting from failure to examine old documents or accurately translate foreign documents. The present investigation revealed that contemporary accident reconstructions yield ammonia lethality levels comparable to those in dozens of reports of animal bioassays, after adjustment of concentrations to human equivalent concentrations via U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) procedures. Ammonia levels potentially causing irreversible injury or impairing the ability of exposed people to escape from further exposure or from coincident perils similarly have been biased downwardly in contemporary sources. The EPA has identified ammonia as one of 366 extremely hazardous substances subject to community right-to-know provisions of the Superfund Act and emergency planning provisions of the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act defines emergency planning zones (EPZs) around industrial facilities exceeding a threshold quantity of ammonia on-site. This study suggests that EPZ areas around ammonia facilities can be reduced, thereby also reducing emergency planning costs, which will vary roughly with the EPZ radius squared. Images Figure 1 Figure 2

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Monte Carlo estimates of dosages of gases dispersing in the atmosphere

Lewis

1997

Environmetrics

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The location of industrial facilities is a matter of considerable public concern following recent well‐publicized disasters. In future, any development decisions must take into account the likely impact on the surrounding environment of possible accident scenarios and the risks involved. For an atmospheric release of a toxic gas, the concentration level and the duration of exposure will be critical in assessing the potential hazards. One measure proposed for determining just such an assessment is the generalized dosage Dn. This paper describes a method for estimating the statistical properties of Dn, based on the fact that the concentration, Γ, of any gas released into the atmosphere is a random variable and is fully described by its associated probability density function (pdf). Two scenarios are discussed: a comparatively long term release from a continuous source of gas, in which the pdf is assumed to be statistically stationary, and an instantaneous release in which the pdf evolves with time. The effects of varying the response time of the body exposed to the gas are investigated. The emphasis is placed on simple modelling ideas, with an eye on possible predictive schemes in the future. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Concentration—time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases

Cited by 236 publications

References 14 publications

Determination of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels in a Dispersion Model

Determination of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels in a Dispersion Model

Emergency planning and the acute toxic potency of inhaled ammonia.

Monte Carlo estimates of dosages of gases dispersing in the atmosphere

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