Concentrations and distribution of chlorinated paraffins in Belgian foods

McGrath, Thomas J.; Limonier, Franck; Poma, Giulia; Bombeke, Jasper; Winand, Raf; Vanneste, Kevin; Andjelković, Mirjana; Hoeck, Els Van; Joly, Laure

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118236

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…SCCPs ranged from 0.29 to 58 μg/g and LCCPs were detected in 86% of samples up to a maximum concentration of 27 μg/g in the same study, which reported overall concentrations to be generally greatest in vehicles, followed by offices and then houses. Studies of indoor dust from Canada [9] , Norway [1] , South Africa [5,41] , and China have each demonstrated similar predominance of MCCPs and ∑CP concentrations in the mid-microgram per gram range, suggesting that CPs are some of the most prevalent organohalogen contaminants in the indoor environment [34] .…”

Section: Analysis Of Real Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CPs have been detected in a variety of environmental media [2,[4][5][6] as well as human milk and serum [7,8] . Recent studies have shown that unintentional ingestion and inhalation of dust [5,6,9] and dietary intake [10,11] are among the most prominent pathways for human exposure to CPs. Due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxic effects [12] , international conventions and regulatory agencies have classified SCCPs as environmentally hazardous compounds and globally restricted their production [5,13] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Method validation and comparison of quantification strategies for analysis of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry

McGrath¹,

Poma²

2022

JEEA

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This paper describes the validation of a method for the simultaneous analysis of short-, medium-, and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively) in indoor dust by ultrasonic extraction and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-HRMS). A series of spike and recovery experiments (n = 54) were conducted using CPs with varying carbon-chain lengths, chlorination degree, and concentrations. Technical standard mixtures of the SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were used to quantify spiking experiments by two commonly used calibration procedures: pattern deconvolution and chlorine-content calibration. The results quantified by pattern deconvolution meet the acceptability limits of the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for all tests with trueness ranging from 72% to 141% and good precision represented by coefficients of variation (CVs) less than 15% in all experiments. The chlorine-content calibration also performed well overall, but on average overestimated concentrations for SCCPs and MCCPs by 32% and 25%, respectively, and did not meet the EURL’s trueness limits in all cases. CVs were below 18% for all results derived from the chlorine-content quantification. The final method was successfully applied to indoor dust samples from offices (n = 4), homes (n = 3), and a vehicle (n = 1) from Melbourne, Australia, with SCCPs (C10-13), MCCPs (C14-17), and LCCPs (C18-20) detected in all samples, up to 100, 240 and 190 μg/g, respectively. A preliminary human exposure assessment suggested that CP intake via dust may constitute a major pathway of exposure for populations in Melbourne, Australia.

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Section: Analysis Of Real Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method validation and comparison of quantification strategies for analysis of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry

McGrath¹,

Poma²

2022

JEEA

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“…In the present case, the GC/ECNI‐MS quantification method with eight GC runs required 6 h 40 min measurement time, including cooling down between the runs. Although the GC/ECNI‐MS run times were shorter in other studies, 23,24,39 the gain in %‐time by reducing the number of runs will be similar. Whereas CPs were not detected in any of the investigated palm oils, both SCCPs and MCCPs were present and quantified in the coconut oils (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Although the GC/ECNI-MS run times were shorter in other studies, 23,24,39 the gain in %-time by reducing the number of runs will be similar. Whereas CPs were not detected in any of the investigated palm oils, both SCCPs and MCCPs were present and quantified in the coconut oils (Table 1).…”

Section: Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…It should be noted that there are methods using time windows, other temperature programs or not measuring all possible congener groups that therefore necessitate less GC runs and measurement time per sample. 23,24,39 Equation 1 allows the calculation of the required measurement time for a given number of samples using the screening method (first term), followed by determinations of positive samples using the comprehensive GC/ECNI-MS-SIM quantification method (second term):…”

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confidence: 99%

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A fast gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode screening method for short‐chain and medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins

Schweizer

Schulz

Vetter

2022

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of anthropogenic pollutants that consist of complex mixtures of polychlorinated n‐alkanes of different chain lengths (~C10 to C30). Persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long‐range transport of short‐chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, C10‐ to C13‐CPs) have prompted their classification as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention in 2017. Due to the varying chain lengths and chlorination degrees, quantification of SCCPs and medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, C14‐ to C17) using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (GC/ECNI‐MS‐SIM) is not only challenging but also very time consuming. In particular, up to eight GC runs per sample are required for the comprehensive GC/ECNI‐MS‐SIM quantification of SCCPs and MCCPs. These efforts are high especially if the samples do not contain CPs above the limit of detection (LOD), subsequently. Methods We developed a semi‐quantitative and sensitive method for the examination of SCCPs and MCCPs in one GC run. This GC/ECNI‐MS‐SIM screening method was based on the recording of Cl− (m/z 35 and 37), Cl2− (m/z 70 and 72), and HCl2− (m/z 71 and 73) isotope ions and evaluation of the ratios between them. Results Correctness of the results of the screening method was verified by analysis of edible oils with and without CPs, CP standards, as well as a technical CP mixture. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other polyhalogenated aromatic compounds, as well as brominated flame retardants, do not form all of the fragment ions analyzed by the screening method. Conclusions After the screening, only CP‐positive samples may need to be measured in detail. Measurement time will already be gained in the case of ~10% samples without CPs.

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Evaluating urban indoor and outdoor PM10-bound organochlorine pesticides. Air quality status and health impact

Galán-Madruga¹,

Cárdenas-Escudero

Broomandi

et al. 2023

Building and Environment

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Concentrations and distribution of chlorinated paraffins in Belgian foods

Cited by 26 publications

References 55 publications

Method validation and comparison of quantification strategies for analysis of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry

Method validation and comparison of quantification strategies for analysis of chlorinated paraffins in indoor dust by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry

A fast gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode screening method for short‐chain and medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins

Evaluating urban indoor and outdoor PM10-bound organochlorine pesticides. Air quality status and health impact

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