Concentrations and origin of oxytocin in breast milk.

Takeda, Satoru; Kuwabara, Yoshinori; Mizuno, Masahiko

doi:10.1507/endocrj1954.33.821

Cited by 62 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the newborn gut, naive enterocytes suffer substantial cellular stress on their luminal side. During this period, the gut is simultaneously exposed to high concentrations of foreign microbiota in colostrum (Donnet-Hughes et al, 2010;Perez et al, 2007), as well as to numerous proteins, including hormones such as OT (Prakash, Paul, Kliem, Kulozik, & Meyer, 2009;Solangi, Memon, Mallah, Khuhawar, & Bhanger, 2009;Takeda, Kuwabara, & Mizuno, 1986). Consequently, milk OT may modulate stress in the early postnatal gut, as it does in other organs (Amico, Mantella, Vollmer, & Li, 2004;Brunton & Russell, 2008).…”

Section: Visceral Oxytocin and Emotional Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Welch

Ludwig

2017

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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Abstract:The biological functions of oxytocin in attachment and bonding between mother and infant in parturition and breastfeeding and between adults have been studied extensively. However, most current authors have proposed that infant attachment to the mother is learned through operant conditioning mechanisms via the infant's brain and central nervous system. We propose that oxytocin levels in the mother and infant are co-regulated by emotional connection or disconnection, and that the autonomic co-conditioning learning mechanism can be exploited to change a negative physiological and behavioral response between mother and infant into a positive one. Lack of efficacy and scalability of child development therapies that have come out of the attachment theoretical framework have prompted calls for new ideas. Here, we review calming cycle theory, which takes a new view of the emotional relationship of mother and infant, and predicts ways to positively intervene when problems arise. The theory builds upon the research and ideas of Pavlov and his followers and proposes that subcortical Pavlovian co-conditioning of the autonomic nervous systems of mother and infant is the key to maintaining emotional connection between the two and to shaping emotional behavior of the infant into adulthood. We review evidence in support of calming cycle theory from a randomized controlled trial of Family Nurture Intervention (FNI), which is designed to overcome adverse emotional, behavioral, and developmental outcomes in prematurely born infants. Finally, we discuss the role of visceral oxytocin and emotional behavior, and that the conditional motherinfant relationship may affect behavioral changes through anti-inflammatory gut-brain stem vagal signaling.

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Section: Visceral Oxytocin and Emotional Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Welch

Ludwig

2017

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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“…These findings provide some evidence for adrenocortical attunement between mother and child, and may raise the possibility that, through breastfeeding, cortisol may transfer from the mother to the infant. This is a plausible scenario because previous work has shown that maternal hormones such as cortisol and oxytocin are: (1) stable in breast milk and (2) can be transferred to the gastric contents and blood plasma of the offspring upon suckling (Peaker and Neville 1991;Takeda et al 1986). Indeed, a recent study compared breastfed infants and formula-fed infants and found a significant correlation in night cortisol levels between mothers and infants only for the breastfeeding dyads (Neelon et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we examined whether there is a correlation between maternal cortisol levels and infant cortisol levels specifically after breastfeeding (sample time points: T + 1, T + 8, and T + 16), and whether any such correlation differs between maternal CD38 genotype groups. This was done because cortisol and oxytocin transfer from the mother to her infant through breast milk (Hinde 2013;Takeda et al 1986), so maternal levels may predict infant levels after milk ingestion. As a whole, maternal and infant cortisol levels did not correlate after breastfeeding.…”

Section: Maternal and Infant Cortisolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context it is important to note that maternal oxytocin and cortisol levels impact the levels of these hormones in the breast milk ingested by the infants (Peaker and Neville 1991;Takeda et al 1986), thus providing a potential physiological mechanism as to how maternal hormone levels can impact infant stress responses. For example, when rat dams were injected with radioactively labeled oxytocin ( 3 Hoxytocin), stable traces of the same 3 H-oxytocin were found in the gastric contents and blood of offspring after suckling (Takeda et al 1986). Moreover, a wealth of studies in non-human primates have demonstrated that maternal milk cortisol directly impacts behavioral phenotypes of offspring (for a review, see Hinde 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Variation in the Maternal Oxytocin System Affects Cortisol Responsiveness to Breastfeeding in Infants and Mothers

Krol

Monakhov

Lai

et al. 2018

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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Objectives The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates milk let-down during breastfeeding and maternal behavior in mammals. Oxytocin has also been shown to reduce stress through inhibitory effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity. However, it remains unknown whether and how infant cortisol levels are affected by breastfeeding and what role the oxytocin system plays in this process. In the current Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology (2018) study, we examined whether genetic variation in the oxytocin system impacts the cortisol response to breastfeeding in 84 mother-infant dyads. Methods Salivary cortisol was measured before and after a breastfeeding session. Mothers and infants were genotyped for a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CD38 gene (rs3796863). We compared between CC carriers and CA/AA carriers, as the CC genotype has been associated with reduced release of oxytocin and higher rates of autism in prior studies.Results Our results show that differences in infant and maternal cortisol responses to breastfeeding were associated with variation in maternal CD38. Specifically, CA/AA mothers displayed a significantly greater reduction in cortisol after breastfeeding than mothers with the CC genotype. Moreover, infants of CA/AA mothers showed significantly reduced cortisol levels after breastfeeding, as compared to infants of CC mothers.Conclusions The current findings demonstrate that maternal cortisol responses to breastfeeding vary as a function of their genetic capacity to release oxytocin, and this may also impact their infant's stress regulation. This suggests a potential mechanism by which breastfeeding contributes to the development of HPA reactivity in infancy.

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“…Breast milk samples were collected for analysis of OT level, while blood-spot samples were collected for analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus antibody level. Breast milk was selected for OT analysis in preference to salivary, serum or blood spot samples, due to the hormone's stability in milk (Takeda et al, 1986) and the practicality of milk expression. The reliability and physiological relevance of salivary OT remains in question (Horvat-Gordon et al, 2005), while drawing and storing whole blood in this field setting was impracticable.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin and Epstein‐Barr virus: Stress biomarkers in the postpartum period among first‐time mothers from São Paulo, Brazil

Rudzik¹,

Breakey²,

Bribiescas

2013

American J Hum Biol

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Citation for published item:udzikD el nn iFpF nd fre keyD eli i nd fri ies sD i h rd qF @PHIRA 9yxyto in nd ipsteinEf rr virus X stress iom rkers in the postp rtum period mong (rstEtime mothers from £ o uloD fr zilF9D emeri n journ l of hum n iologyFD PT @IAF ppF RQESHF Further information on publisher's website:httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFIHHPG jh FPPRVW Publisher's copyright statement: his is the epted version of the following rti leX udzikD el nn iFpF nd fre keyD eli i nd fri ies sD i h rd qF @PHIRA 9yxyto in nd ipsteinEf rr virus X stress iom rkers in the postp rtum period mong (rstEtime mothers from £ o uloD fr zilF9D emeri n journ l of hum n iologyFD PT @IAF ppF RQESHD whi h h s een pu lished in (n l form t httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFIHHPG jh FPPRVWF his rti le m y e used for nonE ommer i l purposes in ord n e ith iley erms nd gonditions for selfE r hivingF Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. 2 AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between selfreported stress levels among new mothers in São Paulo, Brazil and two biomarkers of stressful experience, oxytocin (OT) and Epstein-Barr Virus antibody level (EBV-ab), with planned pregnancy hypothesised as a moderator of biological response to stressful conditions. Methods: Sixty-three first-time mothers between the ages of 15 and 45 were recruited from neighbourhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected longitudinally, bi-weekly between two and 12 weeks postpartum. OT level was assessed from breast milk samples and EBV-ab from blood spot samples. An Interpersonal Satisfaction scale was developed, validated and administered, along with the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results:In-depth interview data revealed unplanned pregnancy to be a significant stressor in the lives of first-time mothers. In linear regression, OT level was negatively associated with Interpersonal Satisfaction score (p=.022) and positively associated with PSS score (p=.007). When splitting the sample by planned status of the pregnancy, women with an unplanned pregnancy showed a strengthened positive association between OT level and PSS (p=.001; Adj R 2 =0.44) and negative association with Interpersonal Satisfaction (p=.017; Adj R 2 =0.15), while no associations existed for women with a planned pregnancy. EBV-ab level was not correlated or associated with stress/satisfaction measures. Conclusion:OT is an effective biomarker in the measurement of stress in the body, and additionally reflects differential experiences with difficul...

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Concentrations and origin of oxytocin in breast milk.

Cited by 62 publications

References 17 publications

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Calming Cycle Theory and the Co-Regulation of Oxytocin

Genetic Variation in the Maternal Oxytocin System Affects Cortisol Responsiveness to Breastfeeding in Infants and Mothers

Oxytocin and Epstein‐Barr virus: Stress biomarkers in the postpartum period among first‐time mothers from São Paulo, Brazil

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